Friday, May 8, 2026

2026 : The World Feels Smaller, Yet More Fragile

2026 did not begin particularly well for the world, and by extension, for Singapore too.

The year opened amidst global uncertainty. Trump’s return to aggressive tariff rhetoric and protectionist economic policies once again injected volatility into global markets. Economists have repeatedly warned that prolonged trade fragmentation could significantly weaken global growth, and Singapore being our small but hyper-globalised economy, remains especially vulnerable because survival has always depended on external connectivity rather than domestic scale. Cuz EOI, and Services. 

Then came the Hormuz conflict. The Strait of Hormuz handles roughly one-fifth of the world’s oil trade. Any instability there immediately affects aviation fuel prices, shipping insurance, and transcontinental flight routes. Airlines began rerouting flights to avoid conflict zones, increasing operational costs and ticket prices. Naturally, long-haul leisure travel became less attractive, especially for our inbound target markets from the US and Europe. Cruises cancellation, Asia Tours cancellation, Tourism declines. 

See, Tourism is deeply geopolitical. A conflict thousands of kilometers away can directly affect whether a Bicycle tour gets 2 pax or 20 pax. Im saddened to see the terrible stats, we have days without bicycle tours, though this was our bread and butter. Inbound tourism into Asia slowed, and Singapore felt the ripple effects. At the same time, Singapore’s largely deregulated tourism landscape saw a massive influx of tour products and freelance operators. Lower barriers to entry meant greater competition, but not necessarily greater demand. Pax-per-tour diluted significantly compared to previous years.

Many operators shifted toward “2-to-go” pricing models simply to survive. Ironically, this drove prices upward for professionally operated tours, while lowball solo guides became increasingly competitive due to minimal operational overheads. Established companies struggled because backend systems, staffing, insurance, partnerships, and logistics cannot simply make sense of the low margins.

So our strategy pivoted more aggressively toward local tourism. Initially, it was meant to be a temporary cushion, like a way to survive this period until market recalibration naturally filtered out unsustainable players unable to scale long-term. Little did we know, the workload would increase tremendously. Local tourism came with far more hotline enquiries, expectation management, customization requests, and increasingly cynical or entitled remarks. Hospitality labour today is no longer simply service work. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild described this as "Emotional Labour", the commodification of emotional regulation itself. Sometimes it feels less like tourism, and more like absorbing society’s frustrations professionally, especially our clientelle of Seniors in Singapore. 




Side Questing and Communal Spaces

While the tourism landscape does not seem particularly optimistic from my perspective, I found myself embarking on more “side quests.”

For some reason, I became a regular at Ann Siang Sounds — an open jam session where musicians gather simply to exist communally through music. Glad Lydia enjoys tagging along too. There is something comforting about spaces that exist without needing productivity metrics attached to them.

I also started attending more local gigs and underground pop-ups, whether it was 526 or smaller independent shows. Jasper definitely influenced me on this phase. Though not everything I attend leans toward hardcore or heavy music, I increasingly gravitate toward lyrical and emotionally driven works.

Perhaps age changes what resonates. I watched "Secondary the Musical" for the second time, with Sheng and Family, and Lydia and Trixie too.  What makes the musical hit so hard, especially for people from the education sector or adjacent industries like guiding, mentorship, training, youth work....... is that it does not portray teachers as either heroes or villains. It portrays them as exhausted humans trying to survive an institution while still wanting to care. That is very Singaporean. Teachers in Singapore are expected to care deeply, but not too deeply. To inspire, but not over-involve themselves. To mentor, but still maintain bureaucratic distance. The musical keeps asking: Who defines that line? The teacher? The school? Parents? MOE? Society? And honestly, that is why the math teacher character worked so well. The “Inside Out” style conscience theatrical device is one of the production’s smartest theatrical innovations. Lilin the teacher’s internal emotions are externalized into characters representing Empathy, Humour, Cynicism, Panic, Discipline, and Optimism. It visualizes teacher burnout. It dramatizes emotional labour. It shows how every response teachers give students is negotiated internally before being spoken externally. That is why certain scenes deliberately remove humour entirely. When stakes become emotionally serious, humour disappears because the “Humour” conscience literally no longer dominates the response mechanism. It is brilliant theatrical psychology. So then that actor went to prepare for the next scene. So that scriptwriting. At any point, an actor is either on stage or preparing for next scene, no moment was wasted. Brilliant! I come from a generation where teachers often still crossed professional boundaries emotionally......... which not necessarily in too appropriate but also not too inappropriate, but anyways it's a deeply human way. Teachers who stayed back after school. Teachers who called homes. Teachers who intervened in lives beyond curriculum delivery. Teachers who challenge dota to add or subtract homework. I feel that the musical mourns the gradual erosion of that emotional intimacy under increasing administrative pressure, metrics, safeguarding protocols, workload intensification, and institutional burnout. And perhaps that is why Secondary feels less like a musical and more like collective memory for students of my generation. For Lydia, she still enjoys it, perhaps afterall, she is "That girl of fiveteen"............. "What do you think?" hhahahas. 

At the same time, I decided to drop Tag Archery. I simply no longer saw enough progression or meaning in continuing it. Not every hobby survives every phase of life, and that is okay.




Serious Ventures LLP

This year also marked the legitimization of the side venture.

Finally got the ACRA registration and corporate bank account settled for the boardgaming events company. We decided to call it Serious Ventures LLP — because we play seriously. The idea was never just entertainment. It was about extracting values through game-based learning: sociology, negotiation, trust, systems thinking, psychology, cooperation, and conflict — all compressed into physical experiences.

Together with Tristan, we conceptualized a larger “season pass” ecosystem for physical boardgaming communities. The goal was to encourage continuity, identity-building, and genuine social commitment instead of transient one-off participation.

More importantly, I wanted Jasper and Tristan to have something they could truly call their own. They rejected the idea of conventional part-time work because many such jobs today feel disconnected from long-term growth unless the industry itself is your calling. Modern youth increasingly seek autonomy, ownership, and meaning rather than merely surviving paycheck to paycheck.Perhaps this venture becomes a pathway where hobbies evolve into something sustainable.

My broader hypothesis is this: AI tools are currently alleviating workloads, but are still too expensive or unreliable to fully replace human workers at scale. This creates a paradox where people technically have more convenience, yet increasingly crave authentic human interaction. Especially in post-pandemic society, loneliness has become deeply structural. I found myself attending blindfolded conversations, stranger dialogue sessions, “Friendzone” social events, and many other non-dating communal experiences. Sociologist Robert Putnam’s Bowling Alone discussed the decline of communal participation decades ago. Perhaps what we are witnessing now is society desperately trying to rebuild fragmented social capital in new forms. That is why I genuinely believe the boardgaming scene has potential — not merely commercially, but socially. People want belonging again.

And for survivability, the strategy naturally extends toward corporate trainings, team bonding, thematic amazing races, and experiential learning. So yes, I may finally join BNI networking sessions properly to generate leads for both businesses. Huge investment, but perhaps necessary.




Paving For the Next Generation

One of the brighter moments this year was the cruise trip with Nickolas, Jasper, Tristan, Ray, and Ray’s family. Exhausting honestly! Cruise activities from morning till night, then boardgaming until 3 or 4 am.......... but deeply memorable. I'm so glad Jasper is thoroughly entertained by the performances and shows, Tristan is with me on most of the trivias. What struck me most was hearing them mention that our Malaysia trips genuinely changed their perspectives and motivated them to pursue more experiences while still young. Tristan mentioned me and my group allowed him to be motivated to push more in his lives, to have directions and goals. Wow, thank you! Gerrard texted too, about navigating his social standings and passions. He also mentioned he sees me as a guidance and local expert. Thanks! DQ recently mentioned the positive influence I have illuminated upon them. Wow! touched! As for Lydia, unfortunately, she did not have a strong start, so regardless of her efforts and hardwork, her progress can never fight those that had a head start. And her perspective of Jasper being a last minute lock in and make it, is too simplistic. There is a certain degree of cognitive development needed that he got from logical thinking and gaming that got him to comprehend his academics at the last minute. Not everyone gets this. To me, as long as there's growth, it's enough. She mentioned one day that she sees me more than a friend but to a brother and how I kindda bring her closer to her actual brother Jasper and am thus grateful for it. Wow. That meant a lot.

In the past, my own “side quests” relied heavily on wandering around the city randomly, stumbling into communities accidentally. Their generation has something different now: consolidated platforms, recommendation algorithms, Discord servers, Telegram channels, TikTok ecosystems. Discovery itself has become systemized.

Also managed to drag Jasper deeper into Magic at Magic Attic. Now he is becoming an excellent assistant for the venue. As for his band, Pretty Girls Cry, is steadily growing too, going into bigger spaces, possibly Baybeats, maybe even larger stages soon. Very happy seeing all these developments. I have always believed: do things while young, because energy is a depreciating asset. Time is undefeated.




My Own Struggles

Personally, things have been harder lately. Academics are becoming increasingly heavy, while AI-detection systems are growing stricter. Ironically, despite transparently declaring all AI usage, assignments still get flagged, requiring proof of non-plagiarism. Out of eight modules, two submissions were rejected initially. Extremely disheartening. At this point, I honestly understand why many students feel exhausted. Institutions are trying to regulate AI despite the systems themselves still being unable to reliably discern what is genuinely AI-generated versus merely polished writing. There is a certain Foucauldian irony in all this: surveillance systems attempting to regulate knowledge production while themselves remaining flawed. Honestly, I would rather sit for handwritten exams again. So at this stage, I simply want to graduate. The pursuit of knowledge itself increasingly feels secondary to clearing institutional hurdles. Which is unfortunate, because political science and sociology genuinely improved my quality of tour guiding tremendously. Understanding urban systems, migration, governance, nationalism, class, and identity gave me richer ways to interpret Singapore beyond superficial storytelling.

Recently, Adele’s I Drink Wine speaks to me more each day: “Why am I seeking approval from people I don’t even know?” or "Sometimes the road less taken is best left behind".......... And strangely, California by 88rising resonates too : “Fake faces, I erase ’em, California…I don’t wanna be the one that’s left behind.” I no longer interpret the song purely as chasing fame or success. To me, it now represents disillusionment with the mythology of success itself. The “California Dream”, the wealth, status, influence, endless ambition.... to me, are increasingly feels hollow when the very systems symbolizing prosperity are themselves crumbling under polarization, conflict, loneliness, and instability. The world feels far scarier now than it did growing up. And perhaps that is why I no longer obsess over “making it big.” I just want the people around me to be informed enough, emotionally resilient enough, and socially aware enough to navigate whatever future emerges from this mess.

Maybe that itself is enough purpose.

And honestly, I am still at the same existential stage.

Whatever I do still feels trivial sometimes. Futile. Pointless. The only purpose I seem to cling onto now is creating platforms for the people around me. I have more or less accepted that I will probably never become “big” in the conventional capitalist sense. Never the kind of wealthy success story parents compare against during dinner conversations. But maybe that is okay. Everything I do has always leaned more toward meaning-making than profit maximization. I don't consider myself privileged but lucky enough to not fall through the cracks. Max Weber once described the tension between instrumental rationality and value rationality. Modern society rewards efficiency, scalability, and monetization, but some people still operate based on intrinsic values instead.

Health-wise, there were some scares too.

Around April, I developed an extremely persistent cough that lasted weeks. Honestly feared it was TB, Covid, or something serious. By the third week, the doctor confirmed it was severe acid reflux instead. Irregular meal timing and inconsistent eating habits had triggered it. At one point, the coughing became so violent that blood vessels in my eye burst. Completely painless, but visually horrifying. Apparently adulthood means discovering the body keeps score. Need to stop skipping meals. Need to reduce acidic foods. Ironically, everything else like my lungs, blood pressure, cardiovascular health, remains extremely good.

So yes.

That is probably the domestic update for the first half of 2026 from me.

Look forward to May's Japan Trip sooooooon!!!!!

Saturday, January 24, 2026

Ugly Singaporeans As A Result Of Our Rapid Infrastructure Growth of Singapore 

Singapore is a global marvel of efficiency. We have "mudflats to metropolis" in our DNA and "First World" infrastructure at our fingertips. But as a tour guide, I’ve realized that our rapid evolution has come with a hidden, ugly price tag: the death of empathy in the face of entitlement.

We’ve created a class of "Emperor Tourists." These are our fellow citizens who, armed with a government voucher or a modest tour fee, believe they have purchased not just a seat on a bus, but a human soul to berate for four hours.

I have accepted the company's challenge to do Local Tours, for a change of environment beyond Tourist Attractions. I felt that it was a great way to allow seniors, who have not been traveling domestically, to see our development. I thought it was a great opportunity to "give back" to the society that raised me. I thought it was great to utilise my skills and knowledge for locals who are my fellow countryment. I was so wrong. 2 months into this program. I am Defeated. And with this, I gave up on Local Senior Tourism. A mere $50 tour using CulturePass by government, includes a 4 hours fully guided bus tour with bus commentary on the development of different areas of Singapore, and to revel on nostalgia on places that some participants may related too, and to go even further to its etymology and heritage to bring meaning to the Singapore landscape and Urban Planning. We end this with a lunch, usually with Fish, Prawns, Omellete, Chicken, Vegetables. I thought it was a great program. I thought. Just my thought. I was wrong. 


The Myth of the 'Pioneer' Pass

There is a pervasive sentiment among our seniors that because they helped "build the past," the present must be frictionless. They demand "shade" without offering an ounce of grace to those currently planting the trees.

On a recent local tour, the complaints began before the engine even started. Despite being a "pick-up-and-go" operation, participants arrived expecting a luxury coach to be on standby like a royal carriage. They complained the meeting point was too far from a toilet; they complained the bus steps were too high. This is a demographic that had the choice to read the itinerary and assess their own mobility, yet they chose to sign up and then weaponize their physical limitations against the organizer.

When a minor logistical delay occurred, I was met not with understanding, but with a four-hour "bitch-fest." I offered a 90-degree bow; I even physically slapped myself in a moment of desperate service recovery to absorb their anger. It wasn’t enough. When we finally sat down for a lunch featuring fresh prawns and fish—a meal that, alongside transport and expertise, far exceeded their $50 entry price—the response was a sour: "I’d rather eat at the hawker downstairs."


The 'Auditor' Mentality: Counting Cents, Losing Sense

This ugliness isn't confined to our shores; we export it. As a tour leader on outbound trips, I’ve witnessed the "Singaporean Auditor" in full force. I’ve watched participants take out jotter books at every meal and attraction, meticulously recording costs to "verify" if they are being cheated.

They demand to see "black and white" for every ambiguity, ignoring the "or similar" clauses and the reality of international travel. They calculate the cost of the chicken on their plate and the ticket at the gate, completely disregarding the invisible costs of the local guides, the transport logistics, the operator margins, and the very person standing there ensuring their safety. They forget they had the freedom to compare the market and choose any tour—yet once they've paid, they treat the relationship as a hostile audit rather than a holiday.


The 'Customer is King' Poison

We are a nation built on meritocracy, but we’ve curdled it into a zero-sum game. The "Customer is King" era taught us that if we pay, we are superior. In this world, the provider is a "service utility." If that utility glitches, the Emperor doesn't seek a solution; they seek a scapegoat.

It is a transactional ugliness where the "sovereignty" of the consumer is used to devalue the provider. Everything is solvable with a complaint, yet nothing is solved by grace. They want a "First Class" experience on a "Budget" reality, and they will burn the guide’s spirit just to feel they got their "money's worth."


A Wake-Up Call

If tourism is to survive in a local context, we need more than just better buses. We need a fundamental shift in the Singaporean psyche.

A tour is a shared experience, not a kowtow session. If we continue to treat our service providers as soulless entities and every itinerary as a legal contract to be audited, we will find that eventually, no one will want to tell our stories anymore. We will have the best infrastructure in the world, but we will have lost the heart of the people who make this city worth touring in the first place.

Saturday, October 11, 2025

Unraveling the Lost Kingdoms of Southeast Asia

To travel through Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam is to walk on the grounds of fallen empires. The lines on modern maps dissolve, and you find yourself in a world of god-kings, maritime traders, and warrior monks. My journey to find the essence of the past led me from Ayutthaya's magnificent ruins to the stories of Vietnam's resilient heroes, revealing a history that is not a set of isolated stories, but a single, epic tapestry woven from power, faith, and ambition.

To truly understand this region, you have to know the players who built it. Here’s a rundown of the great civilizations whose legacies are still etched into the landscape.




A Tapestry of Kingdoms: The Great Civilizations


The Early Powers: Funan & Chenla (c. 1st–9th centuries)

Long before Angkor Wat pierced the sky, the Mekong Delta was ruled by the first great powers of the region.

  • Funan: This was a legendary maritime trading empire, a network of port cities thriving on the trade route between China and India. It was heavily "Indianized," adopting Hinduism, Sanskrit, and Indian models of kingship. Funan was the region's first economic powerhouse.

  • Chenla: As Funan's power waned, its inland vassal state, Chenla, rose to prominence. It is considered the direct predecessor of the Khmer Empire. Chenla unified larger territories and laid the political and cultural groundwork for the Angkorian era.

The Khmer Empire (c. 802–1431) 🏛️

From the foundations of Chenla rose one of the most powerful and sophisticated empires in world history.

  • Who: The ancestors of modern Cambodians. At its zenith, the Khmer Empire controlled vast territories, including parts of modern-day Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam.

  • Legacy: The Khmer were master builders and hydrologists. They constructed the incredible temple-city of Angkor Wat, a stunning stone representation of the Hindu cosmos, and the sprawling city of Angkor Thom. Their empire was built on a complex system of water management (barays and canals) that supported a massive population. Their art, religion (first Hinduism, later Mahayana Buddhism), and concept of the god-king (devaraja) profoundly influenced all neighboring kingdoms.

The Champa Kingdom (c. 2nd century–1832) ⛵

Along the coast of modern-day central and southern Vietnam, the Cham people built a formidable maritime kingdom.

  • Who: An Austronesian people, the Cham were skilled sailors and traders. Their kingdom was a collection of city-states.

  • Legacy: Champa was a constant rival to both the Khmer Empire to its west and the Vietnamese (Đại Việt) to its north. Their culture was also heavily Indianized, and their stunning brick temple towers, like those at Mỹ Sơn, still stand today. They were eventually conquered and absorbed by the relentless southward march of the Vietnamese.

Đại Việt & Its Great Dynasties (c. 10th century–1802) 🐉

After a thousand years of Chinese domination, the Vietnamese forged their own powerful state, Đại Việt ("Great Viet").

  • The Trung Sisters (c. 40 AD): Long before independence, the spirit of resistance was embodied by Trung Trắc and Trung Nhị. These two aristocratic sisters led a massive rebellion against Chinese rule. Though their revolt was eventually crushed, they are revered today as national heroines, a powerful symbol of Vietnam's unwillingness to be dominated.

  • Đại Việt: This kingdom proved to be a resilient and organized power. While they adopted Chinese models of bureaucracy, civil service exams, and Mahayana Buddhism, they maintained a fierce sense of their own unique identity.

  • The Trần Dynasty (1225–1400): You mentioned "Truyen"—this likely refers to the great Trần Dynasty. They are most famous for one of the greatest military feats in world history: they successfully repelled three massive invasions by the Mongol armies of Kublai Khan in the 13th century, a feat few other nations can claim. Their victory cemented Vietnam's status as a regional military power.

The Rise of the Thai Kingdoms 🐘

As the Khmer Empire began its slow decline in the 13th century, a new power emerged: the Thai people, migrating southward from China.

  • Sukhothai (c. 1238–1438): Considered the "Dawn of Happiness" and the cradle of Thai civilization. The Sukhothai Kingdom established a distinct Thai identity, created the Thai alphabet, and adopted Theravada Buddhism, which remains the dominant religion today. Their style of art, especially the elegant, walking Buddha statues, is iconic.

  • Lanna (c. 1292–1775): A powerful contemporary kingdom in the north, with its capital at Chiang Mai. The Lanna Kingdom was a culturally rich and independent state, often serving as a rival to both Sukhothai and Ayutthaya. They had their own unique script, artistic style, and architectural traditions.

  • Ayutthaya (1351–1767): The true successor to the Khmer. Ayutthaya absorbed Sukhothai and grew into a cosmopolitan trading empire. As we explored in my last post, it became one of the wealthiest cities in the world, a brilliant fusion of cultures that defined what we now know as classical Thai art, culture, and cuisine before its eventual destruction by the Burmese.





Echoes of a Fallen Kingdom: Finding the Soul of Ayutthaya

What happens when a great civilization falls? Do its stories turn to dust along with its monuments? I'm on a journey to find the essence of ancient cultures that still pulses in the veins of our modern world, and my first stop is here, amidst the silent, magnificent ruins of Ayutthaya, Thailand.

For over 400 years, this city was a glittering metropolis, a “Venice of the East” renowned for its staggering wealth and global influence. Standing here, you can almost hear the whispers of merchants, the chants of monks, and the drama of the royal court. This isn't just a day trip from Bangkok; it's a journey back in time to understand the soul of a kingdom that, despite its violent end, never truly left.


The World at Its Gates: How Ayutthaya Built Its Wealth व्यापार

Ayutthaya’s power was built on water. An island city, protected by a loop of three rivers, it was a natural fortress and the perfect nexus for global trade. Long before "globalization" was a buzzword, Ayutthaya was living it.

Merchants from Portugal, the Netherlands, Japan, China, and Persia sailed up the Chao Phraya River, establishing communities right here in the capital. They came for Siamese silks, fragrant hardwoods, and exotic spices, trading them for firearms, fine ceramics, and textiles from their homelands. The Ayutthayan kings were brilliant administrators, establishing a royal monopoly on the most valuable goods and taxing the rest. This system funneled unimaginable wealth into the kingdom, funding the construction of the hundreds of golden temples that once dominated the skyline.

Life on the Water: A Glimpse into a Lost Way of Life 🛶

Walking through the ruins, you see a city of brick and stone. But for the common people, Ayutthaya was a city of wood and water. Most lived in wooden houses on stilts along a dense network of canals, their boats serving as the family car. The floating markets weren't a tourist attraction; they were the lifeblood of the city.

Society was governed by the Sakdina system, a rigid hierarchy where every person, from the god-king (devaraja) down to the lowest commoner, was assigned a rank and a corresponding measure of land. This structure dictated one's entire life, yet within it, a uniquely Thai culture flourished—a blend of sophisticated court arts, literature, and a deep devotion to Theravada Buddhism.

Royal Intrigue, Scandal, and a Kingdom's End 👑

The history of Ayutthaya reads like a dramatic TV series, filled with passion, betrayal, and tragedy.

One of the most infamous stories is that of Queen Sri Sudachan in the 16th century. In a shocking breach of protocol, she began a secret affair with a palace guard, Worawongsathirat. Consumed by ambition, she is believed to have poisoned her husband, the king. She then placed her young son on the throne and made her lover the regent, only to have the child-king murdered soon after, allowing Worawongsathirat to usurp the throne. Their bloody power grab was short-lived; outraged nobles ambushed and executed them both, restoring order to the court.

Centuries later, this vibrant kingdom met its tragic end. The last king, Ekkathat, is remembered as a ruler who failed to heed the warnings of the impending Burmese invasion. As the enemy laid siege to the city for over a year, the court was paralyzed by indecision. In 1767, the walls were breached, and the glorious city was sacked and burned to the ground. Ayutthaya, the unbeatable capital, had fallen.




Land of the Ascending Dragon: Uncovering Vietnam's Layered Past

After leaving the grand ruins of Thailand, my journey into the past took me east to the shores of Vietnam. If Thailand’s story is one of a unified, powerful kingdom, Vietnam’s is one of relentless resilience, a nation forged in the crucible of a thousand-year struggle for identity. Here in Central Vietnam, from the ancient port of Da Nang to the imperial majesty of Hue, every stone tells a story of conquest, cultural fusion, and an unbreakable spirit.

This is a land of layers. Beneath the surface of modern life lies the maritime empire of the Champa, the imperial ambition of the Nguyễn Dynasty, and the echoes of heroes who stood against the world’s most powerful armies.


Da Nang & The Lost Kingdom of Champa

Our journey begins in Da Nang, a city that has been a bustling port since at least the 2nd century. But long before it was a modern metropolis, this coastline was the heartland of the Champa Kingdom.

  • Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary: A short drive from Da Nang lies a sacred valley, home to the ruins of Mỹ Sơn. Walking among these crumbling red-brick towers feels like stepping into another world. This was the spiritual center of the Champa, a Hindu civilization that ruled this coast for over a millennium. The temples, dedicated to the god Shiva, are a testament to their incredible architectural and artistic skill.

  • Da Nang Museum of Cham Sculpture: To truly understand the Champa, you must visit this museum. It holds the world's largest collection of their art. Here, you'll see graceful statues of gods and dancers. We saw a figure of the bodhisattva Tara with extra fingers and eyes on her palms. This isn't a mistake; it’s rich with symbolism. The extra eyes and limbs signify her divine, all-seeing compassion and her ability to reach out and help countless beings in distress simultaneously.

  • Marble Mountain's Legacy: The five limestone hills of Marble Mountain are a site of Buddhist pilgrimage today, but their story is tied to the Champa. Local legend tells of a Champa princess who, after her king died, refused to follow the custom of dying with him. She escaped, became a nun here, and passed on the Champa’s masterful techniques of marble sculpting to the Vietnamese people. This story acts as a beautiful cultural memory, honoring the Champa legacy that was absorbed into modern Vietnam.

Hue: The Last Imperial Echo 👑

A journey north takes you to Hue, the former imperial capital and the seat of the Nguyễn Dynasty, Vietnam's last royal family. The vast, moated Imperial City is a world unto itself, a place of profound symbolism and rigid etiquette.

As we walked through the citadel, our guide pointed out details I would have missed. There were specific gates for different entrances: one for the king, others for civil and military officials, and massive gates for the elephant and horse soldiers. Inside, the approach to the Throne Hall is built on three terraces, a design rooted in ancient cosmology, representing the trinity of Heaven, Humanity, and Earth.

Inside the main hall, you could almost feel the presence of the emperor on his high throne. Flanking him were nine statues representing his most trusted advisors, officials, and bodyguards. It was a space designed to project absolute power and cosmic harmony.

The Unbreakable Spirit of the Vietnamese 🐉

Two stories from our trip perfectly capture Vietnam’s incredible history of resistance and strategic thinking.

  • Defeating the Mongols: In Hue, we learned about the "3 Kings" who defeated the Mongols. This refers to the incredible feat of the Trần Dynasty in the 13th century. Led by emperors like Trần Thái Tông and the legendary commander Trần Hưng Đạo, the Vietnamese army managed to repel three separate invasions by the Mongol hordes of Kublai Khan, one of the most powerful military forces in history. They used clever guerrilla tactics and their knowledge of the terrain to achieve what few others could.

  • The Southern March: You’ll often hear stories of strategic marriages in Vietnamese history. The 17th-century union between Princess Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn and the Khmer King was a masterstroke of diplomacy. This alliance allowed Vietnamese settlers to move into the area around modern-day Saigon, which was then Khmer territory. Over time, this demographic shift led to the peaceful annexation of the entire Mekong Delta, completing Vietnam’s “March to the South.” It shows how the Vietnamese used not just might, but also shrewd politics, to build their nation.





Empire of Stone, Kingdom of Spirit: Finding the Living Soul of Angkor

Leaving Vietnam, our quest for ancient worlds took us to the heart of the once-mighty Khmer Empire. In Siem Reap, you don't just visit history—you are completely consumed by it. The scale of the Angkor temple complex is impossible to comprehend from pictures. It is a universe of stone, a divine blueprint where every carving tells a story of gods, kings, and cosmic battles.

But as we quickly discovered, the Khmer legacy isn't confined to the magnificent ruins. It’s alive in the explosive energy of a circus tent, in the creative retelling of myths over dinner, and in the quiet dedication of a people actively working to preserve their sacred past. This is a story of an empire of stone, but also a kingdom of unbreakable spirit.


Walking with Gods: A Journey Through the Temples

We explored ten temples, each with its own unique personality and story.

  • The Icons (Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom, Bayon): You start at Angkor Wat, the breathtaking masterpiece and the world's largest religious monument. Its perfect symmetry and endless bas-reliefs are meant to be a microcosm of the Hindu universe. From there, you enter the vast walled city of Angkor Thom, at the center of which is the Bayon. Its 216 giant, serene faces stare out in every direction, an enigmatic and powerful expression of the king’s divine authority.

  • The Wild Temples (Ta Prohm & Beng Mealea): Nature is the star at these sites. At Ta Prohm, the "Tomb Raider" temple, massive silk-cotton tree roots pry apart ancient walls in a slow-motion embrace of stone. The remote, unrestored temple of Beng Mealea feels like a true discovery, a colossal ruin completely surrendered to the jungle.

  • The Jewels (Banteay Srey & Preah Khan): Some temples impress with scale, others with detail. The pink sandstone of Banteay Srey, the "Citadel of Women," is covered in the most intricate, delicate carvings in all of Angkor—so fine they are said to have been carved by women. Preah Khan, the "Sacred Sword," was a massive complex that served as a university and monastery, its labyrinthine corridors inviting exploration.

Art Beyond the Ruins: The Khmer Spirit Reborn

At night, Siem Reap transforms, and we saw how Khmer culture is being creatively reimagined for a new generation.

  • Labyrinth – A Theatrical Dinner: Our second night was at a "digi-art" dining experience that was utterly captivating. As the synopsis shows, it wasn’t just a show; it was a journey through time. We followed two travelers from the creation of the universe and the Angkor dynasty, through a prehistoric world of dinosaurs, to a dystopian future where humans and AI clash. It was a stunning, modern interpretation of the Cambodian story.

  • Phare, The Cambodian Circus: This was pure, explosive joy. More than a circus, Phare is a social enterprise that transforms the lives of Cambodian youth through art. We got a backstage tour and saw the incredible dedication of these young performers. Jasper even got to interact with the drummer! The energy, skill, and storytelling, all without a single animal, were electrifying. It was a powerful testament to the resilience and creativity of the Cambodian people. They had also just broke the Guinness World Record for a single longest circus performance. 

The Price of Preservation

We were struck by some of the realities on the ground in Siem Reap, which revealed a deep, conscious effort to protect this world heritage.

  • A City in a Forest: We learned that villagers living too close to the temples were being relocated. My first thought was tourism-driven displacement, but the truth is more profound. The government is undertaking a massive reforestation project to create a natural shield against pollution. The fumes from cars and modern life create a form of acid rain that erodes the delicate sandstone carvings. This is also why the new airport was built over an hour away—to keep air traffic and its pollutants far from the monuments. It’s a huge sacrifice for the sake of preservation.

  • Food with a Purpose: We noticed that food in Siem Reap was pricier than expected. The reason? A portion of the revenue from official tourism products goes directly back into the monument restoration fund. So, every meal is a micro-donation. While the cuisine itself often felt like a gentle fusion of its neighbors—the flavors of Thailand, ingredients from Vietnam, and cooking styles from China—we found some incredible street-side gems. The bamboo sticky rice and a grilled frog stuffed with lemongrass and noodles were smoky, fragrant, and uniquely Khmer.

Moments in the Monsoon

Some of the best travel moments are the ones you don't plan. Our guide prepared a beautiful picnic for us in a small shelter surrounded by lush green rice paddies. Just as we sat down, the heavens opened in a sudden, intense downpour. We were drenched, laughing, and completely immersed in the moment. It was a vibe!

Later, we found other ways to connect with the culture. We learned to play Ouk Chatrang, or Cambodian Chess, and even bought a locally made board game about the history of Angkor. The game was amazingly accurate, involving recruiting farmers and builders to construct the temples while fending off historical events like attacks from the Siamese and Champa.

Angkor is more than a collection of ancient temples. It is a living, breathing place where the past is not just remembered but actively protected, celebrated, and woven into the fabric of daily life. The Khmer Empire’s greatest legacy is not just in its magnificent stones, but in the enduring spirit of its people.




The Silent Gap: A Commentary on What Cambodia Lost

From 1975 to 1979, Pol Pot’s regime tried to reset Cambodian society to "Year Zero." This wasn't just a political revolution; it was a cultural apocalypse. Visiting the Killing Fields or the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, you are faced with the question: when you try to destroy a culture, what is actually lost? The answer is far deeper than just technology and skills. It’s the very soul of a nation.

The Annihilation of Knowledge

The Khmer Rouge saw knowledge as a threat. Their primary targets were the educated. Teachers, doctors, engineers, lawyers, and artists were systematically executed. Eyeglasses were a death sentence. To speak a foreign language was treason. What was lost? An entire generation of expertise. The skills to run a hospital, design a bridge, or manage a power grid vanished. But more than that, institutional memory was wiped out. Libraries were burned, books were destroyed, and the intellectual lineage of the country was severed.

The Silencing of Art and Expression

Before the Khmer Rouge, Cambodia, particularly Phnom Penh, had a vibrant modern culture. There was a "golden age" of Cambodian rock and roll in the 60s, a unique fusion of local sounds and Western surf rock. Classical Cambodian dance, a tradition stretching back over a millennium to the courts of Angkor, was revered. What was lost? Everything. Musicians like the beloved Sinn Sisamouth were murdered, their music banned. The master dancers and teachers of the Royal Ballet were targeted for execution, and the intricate, non-verbal language of this ancient art form was nearly extinguished. All forms of personal expression—from fashion to music—were replaced by the black pajamas and revolutionary slogans of the regime.

The Uprooting of Faith and Tradition

Buddhism was the bedrock of Cambodian society. It shaped ethics, community life, and daily rituals. The Khmer Rouge declared religion a reactionary poison. What was lost? The nation's moral compass. Over 90% of Buddhist monks were killed or defrocked. Temples, the centers of village life, were desecrated—turned into prisons, storage houses, or pigsties. Centuries of spiritual tradition, festivals, and community rites that bound people together were annihilated, leaving a spiritual vacuum.

The Starvation of Cuisine and Identity

You asked about food, and the loss was profound. Food is more than sustenance; it's celebration, community, and identity. Cambodian cuisine, with its complex royal dishes and regional specialties, was a source of pride. What was lost? The culture of food itself. Under the regime, everyone was forced into communal canteens to eat watery rice gruel (borbor). Cooking for oneself was forbidden. The grandmothers who held the secrets to complex spice pastes (kroeung) and generations-old recipes starved alongside everyone else. The joy of a shared family meal, a cornerstone of any culture, was eradicated.

The Khmer Rouge didn't just kill nearly two million people; they tried to kill an entire identity. Today, Cambodia is in a slow, painful process of recovery. A new generation is working tirelessly to find the lost songs, relearn the ancient dances, and piece together the recipes from the memories of the few survivors. The vibrant spirit we saw at the Phare Circus is a defiant act of cultural rebirth. But the silent gap of those four years—the missing books, the forgotten melodies, the absent generation of grandparents—is a wound that will take centuries to heal.

Friday, August 8, 2025

 Johannesburg: A City of Streets, Struggles, and Stories

Johannesburg is not a city you simply visit — it’s a city you feel. Every corner pulses with resistance, rhythm, and revival. On my first day exploring the City of Gold, I hopped on a vibrant tuk-tuk tour that zigzagged through history and culture, from colonial courtrooms to street art havens and soulful township kitchens. Here’s how the day unfolded:


1. Constitutional Hill: A Fortress of Freedom and Former Oppression

Our journey began at Constitution Hill, once a colonial-era prison and military fort. It held South Africa’s most iconic political prisoners — including Nelson Mandela and Mahatma Gandhi — during British rule and apartheid. But today, it's home to the Constitutional Court, symbolizing the country’s hard-won democracy.

🏛 Colonial Roots and the Fight for Gold

Johannesburg’s very existence is tied to colonial conflict. When gold was discovered on the Witwatersrand in 1886, the Dutch-descended Boers (Afrikaners) and the British Empire clashed to control this new economic prize. The result? The Anglo-Boer Wars (1880–1881, 1899–1902), fought partly over the lucrative gold mining industry. The British eventually took control, establishing Johannesburg as a hub for mining and finance — but also racial segregation and urban inequality that would later shape apartheid policies.


2. Downtown Johannesburg: The Economic Engine

Next, we cruised into Downtown Joburg, the city’s original commercial heart. Once the epicenter of South Africa’s gold economy, these streets are a mix of historical banks, bustling taxi ranks, and art deco buildings. Over time, urban sprawl and white flight during apartheid pushed businesses and affluent communities to the northern suburbs, leaving downtown in decay. But today, urban regeneration efforts are slowly bringing it back, with creative entrepreneurs reclaiming abandoned buildings and injecting life back into the inner city. The Urban Dualism is apparent where decaying infrastructure coexists with entrepreneurial vibrancy. The area remains densely populated, with over 15,000 people/km², largely comprising internal migrants and foreign nationals (especially from Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Mozambique), many occupying hijacked or under-regulated buildings. Transition City vibes. 

Once an elite white neighbourhood during apartheid, Hillbrow is now one of Johannesburg’s most densely populated areas (over 68,000 people/km²), known for high-rise decay, transnational migrant communities, and complex informal economies. Hillbrow illustrates “territorial stigmatization”, where certain districts are institutionally marginalized, reducing public investment and reinforcing cycles of poverty. 

The Hillbrow "Golden Age" (1930s-1970s) Establishment 

Hillbrow emerged as a desirable, high-density residential area for Johannesburg's white, often immigrant, population. It was a cosmopolitan hub with a vibrant social scene, cafés, and a prominent Jewish community. 

Ponte City's Birth (1975)

The pinnacle of this era was the completion of Ponte City Apartments. Architects Mannie Feldman, Manfred Hermer, and Rodney Grosskopff designed the unique cylindrical skyscraper. Its distinctive "toilet roll" shape was a direct response to a local regulation that required windows for light and ventilation in every kitchen and bathroom. This design created a hollow, open central void to serve this purpose. The name "Ponte" is Latin for "bridge," symbolizing a bridge between heaven and earth, reflecting the building's prestige at the time. 

Apartheid and "Dompas": Despite being a white-only area under the Group Areas Act, the reality was more complex. The "dompas," or passbook, was a hated symbol of apartheid, and for Black people, it served as a document that controlled their movement and presence in areas like Hillbrow. They could only be in the area for employment, which meant they were a visible part of the neighborhood during the day but were forced to leave at night. 

The Decline and "White Flight" (Late 1970s-1990s) 

Social Change and Investment Freeze (1980s): The beginning of the end for Hillbrow's golden age came as the government started to lose its grip on enforcing the Group Areas Act. Hillbrow became a "grey area" where people of different races began to live together. This led to a significant exodus of the white middle class, a phenomenon known as "white flight." Economic Collapse: In response to these changes, financial institutions and investors effectively "plugged out." Home loans, house sales, and investment in maintenance and civil services were all but banned, leading to a rapid decline in property values and the physical decay of the neighborhood. The government also banned all new investments in the area. Ponte's Plight: Ponte City, once a symbol of luxury, was severely impacted. As tenants left, building maintenance was neglected, and the central core of the building began to fill with several stories of trash and debris. The building became a microcosm of Hillbrow's urban decay. 

Post-Apartheid and the Plight of Modern Hillbrow (1990s-Present) 

Migration and Overcrowding : The end of apartheid brought a massive influx of migrants and refugees from other African countries, drawn by the promise of opportunity. This led to extreme overcrowding in the neglected buildings. The practice of "hijacked buildings" became common, where criminal gangs would take over properties and illegally collect rent. 

Financial Exploitation : A hijacked building with 200 residents paying an estimated ZAR 600 per month. This generates an estimated ZAR 120,000 per month in illicit income for the hijackers. In contrast, a well-managed building like Ponte offers a studio for ZAR 3000 and a two-bedroom apartment for ZAR 8500, reflecting the stark contrast between legal and hijacked housing. 

Extreme Living Conditions : The living conditions in hijacked buildings are often dire. The information details the reality: people paying ZAR 1000 for a balcony to sleep on, and beds are often rented out for multiple shifts a day, 8h or 12h. "Small" bedrooms are often shared by many people, "Full" bedroom means no sharing. These listings are found on makeshift bulletin "gumtree" where gums are used to paste leaflets. 

Crime and Social Ills : Hillbrow became synonymous with a high crime rate, prostitution, and drug abuse. The neighborhood is a major hub for drugs, with prices as low as ZAR 50 per packet of "nyaope", also called "whoonga", which is a mixture of heroin, rat poison, and weed. The phrase "swazilian weed" suggests the prevalence of cannabis from neighboring countries. Drug abuse is seen in corners as we walked the street. Often, a group of people would share needles to share the "effects" of the drugs without buying the drugs to save cost. Prostitution is rampant, with prices starting from as little as ZAR 50 for five minutes for unregulated services. The "Summit Club" started as a prestige club but became a stripclub, prostitution here was ZAR 400 for 5 minutes because the rental for the ladies were ZAR 500 a day, but regulations and checkups are mandatory here. 

The "Red Ants" and Urban Renewal : The government's response has been to use private eviction companies like the "Red Ants" to clear out hijacked buildings. While this is an attempt to restore law and order, their often brutal methods have been widely criticized for their impact on the poor and homeless. Ponte City's Second Life: Despite the surrounding challenges, Ponte City has undergone a remarkable transformation. Following years of being a slum, it was eventually refurbished by its owners. While a larger "New Ponte" project was canceled due to the 2008 financial crisis, the building was cleaned and re-purposed. It is now a privately managed apartment complex with security and a diverse mix of residents, offering a managed, secure, albeit expensive, living option in the inner city. Ponte Advertising: A testament to its renewal and a source of significant income, the iconic advertising space on top of the tower has been a consistent feature. The cost of this advertising has changed dramatically over time, from a reported ZAR 70,000 per month for Coke in the 2000s to ZAR 500,000 per month for Vodacom in 2025, reflecting the building's reclaimed prominence and desirability.

While it still was stigmatized for being dangerous, the locals took it on their own hands. The term "necklacing by Vimba" refers to a brutal form of mob justice and extrajudicial punishment, where a tire is placed around a victim's neck, doused in petrol, and set alight. Therefore, contrary to popular believe, it became one of the safest place to go where you know there is a solution to crime, and its communal effort.  


3. Newtown and Victoria Yards: Reviving Creativity

We then headed west to Newtown, the city’s cultural district. This was once a hub for industry and transport, but now it pulses with performance venues, jazz clubs, and museums like the Museum Africa and Market Theatre, once dubbed "The Theatre of the Struggle" for its anti-apartheid plays.

At Victoria Yards, a former industrial complex has been transformed into a creative ecosystem. Local artisans, farmers, artists, and small businesses collaborate in shared spaces, redefining regeneration not as gentrification but community-based revival.


4. Braamfontein: Learning, Living, and Leaking Between Worlds

Further north, Braamfontein sits between worlds — formal and informal, student and worker, corporate and streetwise. Home to the University of the Witwatersrand, the area buzzes with student life. Adjacent to it is Braampark, a cluster of office buildings and commercial services. The area caters more to corporate functions, with higher-income flows but limited residential identity. Yet, its proximity to transitional spaces (including Park Station and lower-income transport corridors) makes it a threshold zone — straddling formal and informal networks.

Here, we saw how migration from rural provinces and neighboring countries fuels an ever-changing urban demographic. Communities constantly evolve — kids in school uniforms pass by vendors selling amagwinya (vetkoek), and young migrants use art and hustle to carve out opportunity in the city.


5. Maboneng: Where the Streets Talk Back

Ah, Maboneng — the "Place of Light." Once a no-go zone, Maboneng is now Johannesburg’s arts-and-culture playground. Young South Africans, global nomads, and creative entrepreneurs have transformed this part of the city into a living gallery. Walls explode with street art, from politically charged murals to vibrant afro-futurist pieces. Maboneng’s appeal lies in its authenticity. You’re just as likely to stumble across a fashion pop-up as a poetry slam. It's become a canvas for reclaiming public space, where the youth take ownership of their narrative in post-apartheid South Africa. This is such a hipster enclave, where the street talk back, like Robert Florida's Creative Class Theory, meaning younger generation expresses their hardships through different mediums but as a result attracted economic growth with the right factors of Technology, Talent, and Tolerance. I came back in the night for Food Tour and Jazz Club


6. Soweto: The Soul of the Struggle

No visit to Johannesburg is complete without Soweto — a township forged by fire and resilience. Under apartheid, Black South Africans were forcibly relocated here, far from the city center, to serve as labor but remain segregated.

🏠 Tutu House and Mandela House

We visited Archbishop Desmond Tutu’s modest home and Nelson Mandela’s former residence on Vilakazi Street — the only street in the world that has housed two Nobel Peace Prize winners. Their legacies of peace, justice, and forgiveness are etched into the pavement here.

📚 The 1976 Uprising and the Power of Youth

Perhaps the most emotionally charged moment was learning about the 1976 Soweto Uprising, when thousands of schoolchildren protested the enforcement of Afrikaans (Difficult Language) in schools. Hector Pieterson, just 12 years old, was shot by police — and his photo became a global symbol of apartheid’s brutality. The Hector Pieterson Memorial and Museum stands today not just to mourn, but to inspire.


Housing Situation 

Johannesburg’s housing and income disparities reveal stark spatial inequality, where low-income residents are priced out of formal housing and pushed into informal settlements. In Johannesburg, we see average monthly income from ZAR 2,500 to 5,000 in areas like Hillbrow and Soweto, or ZAR 4,000 to 6,000 in Downtown depending on the industry, thus access to decent housing remains limited as it would cost ZAR 900,000 for a 900 sqft apartment in the CBD. Therefore they are often pushed to the informal settlements options — ZAR 5,000 to 25,000 for a shack — but lack access to basic services and legal protection. Gentrified districts like Maboneng or semi-formal hubs like Braamfontein therefore fetches a better living opportunity of ZAR 6,000 - 8,000 a month, but not living in there as the apartments go for ZAR 1.5mil. From collectively self-managing hijacked buildings in the inner city, to erecting shacks on contested land, to transforming public walls into political canvases through street art, Johannesburg’s urban poor reclaim agency through everyday acts of defiance and resilience, what James Scott termed as "Weapon of the Weak" - subtle forms of resistance that reclaim agency in the absence of formal power.


7. Local Flavors: A Taste of the Land

To end the day, we feasted like locals. The food was bold, earthy, and deeply rooted in tradition:

Pap: A staple maize porridge, similar to polenta. Its name comes from the Dutch word for porridge — a colonial culinary legacy, now wholly African in identity.

Cow Head and Cow Lung: Known as smiley and mala mogodu, these are delicacies found in township shisanyamas (braai stalls). Eating nose-to-tail is both a tradition of respect and sustainability.

Bobotie: A Cape Malay classic — curried minced meat baked with an egg custard topping. A perfect metaphor for South Africa’s layered heritage — spicy, unexpected, and deeply comforting.

Shisa Nyama : Which literally means burnt meat in Zulu, is the term used in townships to describe where people make and serve the braais. Usually Shisa Nyama comes with alcohol, loud music and loads of braaied meat, usually fatty cuts to prevent it from drying out. I got one with Boerewors, which is the local sausage made up of spiced coarsely ground beef and pork and chakalaka - a spicy tomato, carrot and bean relish.


Conclusion: Johannesburg is a Story Still Being Written

From colonial forts to township murals, Johannesburg is not just a city — it’s a living archive. It holds the weight of trauma, the scars of segregation, and the rebellious spirit of youth. Yet it also offers something more powerful: the will to rewrite its story, on walls, in songs, and through food. As I rode back through the city’s cracked streets and high-rise hopes, I realized: Johannesburg doesn’t want to be pretty. It wants to be real. And that is what makes it unforgettable.

Wednesday, May 7, 2025

The Singapore General Election has concluded, and many people are expressing vocal displeasure regarding the expected results. Here are my thoughts, coming from a naturalized citizen with quite a fair bit of traveling experience to other states, based on my interaction with the locals of the area, without doing much fact check but just a general sense of the situation : 


COMPARISON OF HOUSING SITUATION OF SELECTED CITIES 



Hong Kong Housing Situation

> Land Scarcity by Design : Only 7% of Hong Kong’s 1,100 km² land is developed into housing, despite plenty of undeveloped or underutilized land, the government controls land scarcity, because up to 50% of HK government revenue depends on land sales, leases, and related taxes. Politically, this follows a statist capitalist model: the state behaves like a corporate landlord, monopolizing land to extract maximum rent from private enterprise.

> Hyper-Capitalism and Inequality : Median wage in Hong Kong is around HKD $19,000/month (~USD $2,400), but property prices are wildly disproportionate, to purchase a modest 300 sqft unit, it costs HKD $3 million (~USD $380,000), renting even a basic private unit would cost HKD $8,000–$10,000/month, about half of an average worker’s salary, trapping many in a rent burden cycle (where >30% of income is spent on housing). This reflects "Global City Squeeze", where global capital inflates costs without matching local wage growth.

> Urban Solutions to the Housing Crisis : Rise of the Cage Homes, to afford a living space, many private home owners sublet their housing space by dividing into smaller compartments, some units contains up to five persons into 100 sqft "Cage Homes", caged in order to lock their personal belongings since your roommate are strangers, and yet this is still at about HKD $2,000/month.This is a legal arrangement as long as a living space is above 20 sqft. Similarly, a family may rent a full unit to be divided by wooden or cardboard divders thus the term Coffin Homes, where they eat, sleep, hang laundry, children studying, all in one of that 300 sqft unit. This loophole is a state-managed informal sector: the government tolerates micro-or-nano-apartments to reduce visible homelessness while avoiding expensive systemic reforms. As I visit the famous Yick Cheong Building ("Monster Building", where 10,000 people squeezed into aprroximately 15,000 square metres space, showcase extreme urban density and the phenomenon of "Dead Person Cosmetics" — cheap, quick renovation of crumbling buildings to resell or rent for profit. Since this is privatised, it is impossible to get residents to chip in for renovations and upgrades so the space is usually run down and in bad condition. Everyone wants to sell for profit, and many temporary tenants that dont care about conditions. Alot of singles use this for temporary houses. Apart from these solutions, some owners would do "Time Share", where spaces are fragmented into micro-dorms and hostel beds, for temporary residents or domestic workers. 

> Hidden Poverty : Officially, 25% of Hong Kong’s population lives under the poverty line, but you rarely see visible slums on streets due to government strategies like subdivided flats and rooftop settlements therefore "Rooftop Slums". This "invisible poverty" is a hallmark of neoliberal urban governance: the city prioritizes external image (global finance hub) over internal social welfare.

> Public Housing : Public Rental Housing is about half the private market price and offers three times more living space, however, only about 30% of Hong Kong residents live in public housing as the waiting times average 5 – 6 years. 


Seoul Housing Situation : 

> South Korea, another Asian Tiger Economy, has a different approach to housing. having 26 million population in the Greater Seoul Metropolitan Area of 600 square kilometres, the Korean government started building apartment blocks called apateu, 아파트.  Unique to Korea, "cheonse" is a rental model where tenants deposit a lump sum (50–80% of property value) instead of monthly rent. Landlords invest this deposit to earn returns. After 2 years, they return the deposit, which is KRW 450 – 700 million (USD $300–500K). 

> In response to severe affordability issues, the government implemented Price Caps on new apartments. This results in a shrinking housing supply because of the reduced incentive for Private Developers to build or even to maintain houses. Therefore those that got the "Lottery" of a new apateu would generally resale for much higher value therefore exacerbating disparity. Over time, demand outpaces supply, ironically raising prices elsewhere, or delaying the entry of young people into homeownership, therefore only half of the population gets home ownership. 

> An average home price of 1,000 square feet will cost about KRW900 million (USD$650,000), in comaprison to the average monthly salary of KRW3.5 million (USD$2,500), with a National Tax of 15% - 24% and an additional of 10% fixed Income Tax. 


Munich Housing Situation

> Munich, a popular destination and terms one of the most livable cities in Germany, of 1.5 million population in the 300 sqaure kilometres space, has 30% non locals, and 30% students too. It has an average monthly income of Euro $6,000, and a cost of Euro $800,000 for a 1,000 square feet apartments. Ownership is at 25% due to the high cost of housing prices, which drives 600,000 homelessness, in which half are supported by public services. Tax wise, this is too complicated for me to comprehend due to the different set of laws for many individualised criteria, but effective tax is at about 30%. 

> Wallerstein Core-Periphery logic explains Munich’s magnetic pull: As a “core city” in the global capitalist system, Munich extracts labor, capital, and talent from semi-peripheral regions (e.g., Eastern Europe, East Germany). Accumulation by Dispossession is visible when inner-city properties are bought by global investors; social housing stock is privatized or underfunded; and lower-income renters are displaced to peripheries. Ecological Differentiation therefore exist amongst the neighbourhoods. 

> Resistance to building new affordable housing is often driven by NIMBYism (Not In My Backyard) from existing homeowners. Therefore local policymakers cater to voting homeowners rather than non-owning renters, creating a democratic deadlock, meaning the priority is always on the "haves" and the "have-nots" are completely ignored. 

> Munich seems to me like a neoliberal city in a social democracy, caught between ideals and capital. It is a tech-focused global city competing for talent, but failing to house its essential workers.


Los Angeles Housing Situation

> Hollywood, Pop Culture, Palm Trees and Blue Skies, are the image of LA. LA city itself has about 4 million population in the 1,300 square kilometres space. With monthly average salary of USD$6000, and effective tax of 30%, houses are not as scarce as many Asian cities. With USD$1 million, you would expect a 2,000 to 3,000 square feet bungalows, and depending on the zones, the 50% of the city rents 1,000 square feet apartments at about USD $3,000 - USD $4,000. 

> I've learnt on my trip that large part of government revenue is actually Oil, then is Shipping and Aerospace, then Tourism and Entertainment, therefore Property, is not as significant (15%-ish). 

> There are unique laws to the city for example Zoning Laws (single-family zoning in 70% of LA). There are two main types of residential zones in Los Angeles: single-family zones and multi-family zones. In single-family zones, you can only build one house on the lot, no matter how big the lot is. Therefore most ownerships are on these Single Family Zoning, leaving the 30% of the land for Multi Family Zones where you can build apartments for rent. This translate to exlusive zones for different social stratification, becoming a "Polycentric Model" with multiple “cores” (e.g., Downtown, Westwood, Culver City). Los Angeles housing districts therefore reinforce racial and class hierarchies. 

> LA is a “global city”, attracting foreign investment (especially Chinese, Korean, and Gulf capital) in downtown condos and real estate. These investments often sit empty or drive speculation—unproductive assets create real-world displacement. 

> With more than 75,000 homeless, LA has the largest unsheltered population in the U.S, mostly at Skidrow. Efforts to combat homelessness include Inside Safe Program to transition individuals from encampments into interim housing, and Permanent Housing Placements to transition from interim housing to permanent housing, but this effort is slow as other states are "dumping" their homelessness into LA due to its favourable climate. Still, during winter, we saw the population burnign random items to keep warm in Skidrow. 


Sydney Housing Situation

> Greater Sydney spans 12,400 square kilometers for its 5.5 million population. It's average monthly income is at AUD$9000, in comparison to AUD1.2 million for a 2,500 square feet apartments, thus a 65% home ownership rate. 

> Sydney's urban landscape exhibits spatial stratification, with affluent populations concentrated in inner-city and coastal suburbs, while lower-income groups are increasingly pushed to peripheral areas. This pattern reflects broader ecological models where socio-economic status influences residential location and access to amenities.

> The liberalization of Australia's economy and the emphasis on market-driven policies have influenced urban development in Sydney. Deregulation and incentives for private developers have led to a surge in high-density housing projects, often prioritizing profitability over affordability and community needs.

> Most of the population lives 1.0 hour drive / metro / bus away from the CBD (Central Business District). Majority of the occupation centres around Healthcare, Tech, and Finances. There are high demand for Civil Engineers as their Minimum Wage model 

> Though Minimum Wage of AUD$25 per hour, most of the casual labour and F&B are shunned due to its low guaranteed hours of labour, thus income insecurity and limited potential for career growth. Therefore demand for Civil Engineers and Technical Trades such as Plumbing, Electrician and Constructions are higher in demand as the ageing population sees many seniors going into retirement. The gentrification on the areas around CBD also drives demand for these jobs. Sydney started apartment projects recently to prepare for global inbound migration. 

> Youths ages 16yo onwards for students and 22yo onwards for Job Seekers could seek Youth Allowance where the Sydney government provides about AUD$1,500 a month for education, apprenticeship, entry level work or training. To ease on Parental Burdens, many youths declare "Homelessness" status in order to enjoy access to Transitional Housing, shelters, or programs like Foyer Foundation for youth pursuing education. Homelessness services provide food vouchers, healthcare, transport cards, etc too. 

> Thus the viewpoint on “Homelessness” is not always about sleeping rough. It can be a fluid, constructed identity leveraged to access state resources — especially if you're couch-surfing, in unsafe housing, or institutionally estranged. Australia’s welfare model offers a modest safety net, but it's not luxurious. Most youth on Youth Allowance still struggle to afford rent, especially in Sydney. However, the symbolic security of the welfare state can make declaring homelessness less frightening than family dysfunction or precarity. Youth asserting their autonomy to live, learn, and be housed within the city is a claim to urban citizenship — even if they’re excluded from formal housing markets. This may sound like a reasonable solution, but these “youth gaming the system" would pressure poitician to reevaluate the benefits and supports in order to apease the Working Class Adults and the Elites where a large portio of their Taxes are to support these Youths. 



Then comes to our Nation's Singapore's Housing Strategy, in my opinion, is a unique solution that divides the responsibility between Government, Community and Individuals. It is not entirely a Welfare system (we do not need to as a status of port city) and not entirely Capitalistic either. 


Singapore - Housing Situation :

> Over 80% of Singaporeans live in HDB flats; 90% of households own their homes. CPF (Central Provident Fund) is used for housing, making homeownership accessible without needing liquid cash upfront. Public housing is heavily subsidized for first-time buyers, and ethnic quotas (Ethnic Integration Policy) promote racial harmony, avoiding ghettos and racial enclaves. The HDB is not for profit—it is part of a social policy, not a market. 

> One may argue on the rising cost of home ownership. This is true, but looking at the policies and how it fare against the rising median income, I feel its proportionate. The system achieved consistently, a Mortgage Servicing Ratio (MSR) of around 30% of household income. In 1980s when our Median Household Income is about SGD $1000, our monthly installment was SGD $300. In 2000s, it's $4,000 against $1,200. In 2020s, it's SGD$10,000 against $3,000. This is an estimate of a 4-room HDB across the years. Again, we encourage pro-family units to buy large and downsize on retirement, and with consideration of Grants such as EHG and Proximity Grants, this value may drop, understand it is a blindspot for some lifestyle chocies of non-procreation, but that's not a National Direction. Realistically, the installment period do extends, it is at approximately 20 years today as compared to 10 or 15 years in the past. 

> Land is scarce; the 99 years leasehold reflects the state’s view that housing is a right, not a wealth-building instrument. En bloc redevelopment allows renewal of aging estates and ensures continuous optimization of land use. This allows continuous renewal or urban spaces to keep up with new standards of facilities. The fear of decreating value to 0 for older estate persists, but in history, none of this had happened, most are put up for SERS, therefore sold back to governemnt with reasonable compensation based on buying price. Again, HDB is not for profit.

> Decentralized Urban Planning : Heartland Model : Based on the Concept Plan (1971, 1991, 2001) and the Master Plan, Singapore’s model ensures access to work, play, live and learn within towns (e.g., Tampines, Jurong, Punggol). Each HDB town has its own regional center, polyclinic, schools, malls, transport hub. This reduces congestion, fosters local community identity, and flattens class divides in space. This breaks away from Concentric Circles, thus there would be no stark "poor" or "elite" zones in residential areas (on exception on Private Foreign-Dominated Condominiums).

> If we look at housing in Singapore as a means for shelter for all, Singapore excels. But if you look at housing as a means for wealth acculumation or financial freedom, then Singapore housing system is not designed for this purpose, though many many many citizens try to game this by acquiring condominiums and renting for passive income or the buying and selling of HDB in speculation of potential area development.

> Singapore’s system prioritizes social cohesion, basic shelter security, and responsible state planning over short-term profits. It may not be emotionally or aesthetically ideal for everyone, but it does deliver on its promise: no one is left homeless, and most are not rent-dependent. We are all slaves to housing, globally. The difference is that in Singapore, you’re a slave to a dignified system, not to an unpredictable market or a landlord. 


Summary



Wednesday, April 30, 2025

Singapore’s Unique Governance Model : A Hybrid State Built on Pragmatism, Planning, and Purpose

(Note, this is purely based on my own personal opinion as a Singapore citizen having some background in Sociology and Political Science, should NOT be taken as absolute truth, fact checking is not done)


Since its independence in 1965, Singapore has charted a governance path that defies traditional political categorization. Officially a Republic, Singapore’s political and social architecture is a hybrid blend—melding elements from dictatorship, socialism, capitalism, democracy, communism, and military sovereignty, grounded firmly in pragmatic survival rather than ideological purity. This governance philosophy has been critical for Singapore’s resilience as a city-state with no natural resources, a small population, and constant external vulnerabilities.


1. The Republic Structure: Elections with Guardrails

At its core, Singapore is a Republic, where sovereignty resides with the people, exercised through regular elections and rule of law. Singapore’s political architecture reflects classical Sovereignty Theory—where supreme authority is vested in the state and exercised through institutions. Yet Singapore departs from pure Liberal Democracy: elections are free, but guarded by eligibility criteria for candidates to ensure only individuals of proven competence can contest top roles such as Ministers or President. This "meritocratic democracy with guardrails" ensures national leadership maintains global credibility and governing capacity, avoiding populist swings that have destabilized many democracies elsewhere. This model recognizes the Constructivist idea that political legitimacy is socially constructed — not simply through elections but through the perception of capacity, integrity, and service. While critics highlight "dictatorship tendencies" due to PAP's unbroken rule since 1965, Singapore’s long-term stability enabled Realist strategic planning such as the 1972 Concept Plan — ensuring the city-state could outlast regional turmoil, from Cold War threats to modern-day geopolitical shifts. Where many nations plan for election cycles, Singapore plans for generations.


2. The Socialist Elements: Security Through the CPF System

Singapore incorporates elements of socialism through the Central Provident Fund (CPF) — a mandatory savings system that secures housing, healthcare, and retirement needs for all citizens. Instead of welfare dependence, Singapore builds self-reliance through forced but personalized savings mechanisms. Citizens are shielded from destitution not by open-ended welfare transfers but by a structured and sustainable framework that promotes dignity and personal responsibility. This mirrors the Asian Developmental State (ADS) model, where social protections are not about handouts but about enabling productive citizenship — thereby reinforcing the social contract while avoiding fiscal unsustainability.


3. The Capitalist Core: Free Market Efficiency with State Macro-Intervention

Singapore remains one of the world’s freest economies (Liberalist) — boasting competitive markets, strong entrepreneurship, and open global trade. Yet, unlike laissez-faire capitalism, the state intervenes strategically at macro levels to redistribute wealth, regulate monopolies, and guide economic transformations. Urban Ecology Theory explains how Singapore nurtures high-density, globally connected hubs (e.g., CBD, Jurong) while managing urban competition and clustering, avoiding uncontrolled sprawl and fragmentation. From industrialization to biotechnology to fintech, Singapore’s economy is shaped by calibrated state intervention aimed at national strategic interests while allowing market forces to operate efficiently. This delicate dance between free-market dynamism and guided steering is central to Singapore’s success. Intervention comes in forms of : Correct inequality (e.g., Workfare), Maintain competitiveness (e.g., Industry Transformation Maps), and Build future industries (e.g., Smart Nation initiatives). In this, Singapore also aligns with Flying Geese Theory—not leading unilaterally but moving in formation with ASEAN and regional economies, adapting dynamically as global shifts occur.


4. Democratic Processes with Rational Control

Singapore exhibits Constructivist Realism in how it manages democracy: it holds regular elections but ensures that political participation preserves national strategic interests, rather than being a playground for populist cycles. Rather than populism, Singapore seeks leaders with policy foresight, ethical grounding, and national resilience. This guards against what Globalization Theory shows elsewhere: the rapid disillusionment and instability that come when populism overruns sound governance. In this model, democracy is not merely the right to choose anyone — but the responsibility to protect national coherence, especially for a small state facing constant external pressures (Neorealism).


5. Communist Echoes : Land Ownership and Urban Management

Singapore’s 90% state ownership of land resembles a communist model, but for practical, not ideological reasons. State land control enables urban revitalization, public housing equity, and prevention of generational land hoarding, critical in a nation where land is finite. Without such control, land use would fossilize around wealth elites—an unacceptable risk for a country with pressing housing, infrastructural, and economic needs. From an Urban Ecology perspective, this allows Singapore to regenerate urban spaces dynamically, maintaining environmental resilience and economic vibrancy—critical for a secondary nation-state without limited land, and could not reclaim any further in width (730sqkm), height (300m) nor depth (150m). 


6. Military Strength and Diplomatic Relevance

Singapore’s strong military (Total Defence doctrine) and shrewd diplomacy align with Realist theories about small-state survival. Understanding its geopolitical smallness, Singapore invests heavily in military deterrence (15%) through National Service and a well-equipped Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Diplomatically, Singapore pursues neutral, multilateral engagement, maintaining good relations across rival powers — a rare feat today. This "value proposition diplomacy" ensures Singapore remains indispensable, rather than disposable, in global power calculations (US, China, ASEAN, EU).


7. The Asian Developmental State 

Singapore exhibits the hallmarks of an Asian Developmental State (ADS), rejecting both Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI) dependency and Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) inwardness. Neither fully subscribing to free-market fundamentalism (Washington Consensus) nor state-socialist isolation, Singapore charts its own middle path — building capabilities systematically while ensuring fiscal prudence, openness, and strategic autonomy. This state-engineered modernization shows how institutional capacity, not market forces alone, drives long-term national success. In terms of Wallerstein's Globalisation, it operates as a semi-core city within the global capitalist system — intermediating trade, finance, and innovation flows between advanced economies and developing regions. Regional talent integration through ASEAN partnerships, EP schemes, and cross-border investments ensures Singapore remains vital in the shifting global network. Yet Singapore also guards against hyper-globalization risks by maintaining Financial Conservatism (50% of Returns of Investments), Domestic Resilience and Strategic Autonomy.


8. Urban Sociology Insights: Decentralization and Integration

In urban planning, Singapore avoids the classical "concentric model" seen in many global cities where wealth concentrates centrally. Instead, heartlands like Tampines, Woodlands, Jurong East were developed as decentralized regional hubs, distributing jobs, services, and amenities evenly across the island. HDB racial quotas, 3-Generational Estates, Community Centres, estate WhatsApp groups, and ethnic festivals enforce integration, sharing spaces and resources, nurturing a shared national identity rather than allowing urban segregation. This aligns with Constructivist Sociology : nationhood and solidarity are not natural—they are constructed and reinforced through daily practice and urban space design. Due to these macro-level planning, we are the 6th Blue Zone in the world too. 


9. Career Progression: Capitalist Meritocracy 

Career structures in Singapore are built upon a philosophy of capitalist meritocracy, where continuous self-improvement, competition, and performance-based advancement are not merely ideals but institutionalized norms. This system reflects a conscious national design: survival of the fittest is not left to chance but systematically cultivated through educational pathways, workforce reskilling initiatives, and societal expectations. From early education, the system emphasizes achievement, discipline, and effort into the Streaming and differentiated Education Tracks (e.g., subject-based banding, IP, DSA), therefore these are tailored opportunities based on ability and interests. Then, we move on to continuous adult learning frameworks like SkillsFuture ensure that workers, regardless of age, must remain adaptive. We practice Merit-Based promotion schemes in Civil Service and Corporate sectors reward quantifiable competence, not just seniority or patronage. In the Innovation sector, we nurtured Entrepreneurship ecosystems (like Startup SG, Enterprise Singapore, one-north BizPark) to recognise merit not only in employment but in risk-taking and innovation. Institutions and employers alike prioritize measurable excellence, future potential, and adaptability over fixed credentials or static entitlement. Without a system that ruthlessly rewards excellence and punishes complacency, Singapore would rapidly fall behind in global relevance, innovation, and growth. Thus, capitalist meritocracy is not a luxury for Singapore — it is a strategic imperative deeply embedded into national consciousness. In line with Constructivist Sociology, Singapore's national ideology constructs individual responsibility as a civic duty that Success or Failure is Personalized; and future is Self-Authored, within a system that removes many structural barriers but offers no unconditional safety nets for underperformance. 


10. Evaluating against Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological : affordable food, water, transport, cost of living

Safety : public security, job stability, healthcare, international military defence

Belonging : strong community networks

Esteem : career advancement, achievements

Self-Actualization : opportunities in arts, innovation, entrepreneurship

This creates a social mobility engine—allowing those who strive and innovate to ascend, while maintaining social security nets for those in need.


Tuesday, December 31, 2024

 A Decade of Me, Myself, and I : 

This year, on my big 30, or 29+1 as I want it to, would do a different kind of review, to go beyond the year, but to the decade. I compiled my life in 10 different themes below. If there’s one thing this decade has taught me, it’s that life is both messy and magical. It’s a paradox of growth and setbacks, of love and loss, of certainty and doubt. And through it all, I’ve come to realize that the journey matters more than the destination. Here’s to the next chapter, where the lessons continue and the story unfolds. Cheers to the beautiful chaos of being human. 🥂


1. Identity & Self-Acceptance

"The privilege of a lifetime is to become who you truly are." – Carl Jung


Then : Like most, I was searching for “me,” only to realize I didn’t even know what that meant. Identity felt like something fixed, something I was supposed to find and stick with. Fitting in meant survival, and being different felt risky. Ive explored Personality, Expression of Self, Cooley Looking Glass, Goffman Dramaturgical Self, Eastern Philophy of Self such as Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Hinduism. 


Now : Identity is no longer a destination; it’s a journey. It’s fluid, shaped by experiences, relationships, and even failures. I’ve learned that it’s okay to shed old identities to make space for new ones. Who I was at 20 isn’t who I am at 30, and that’s how it should be. Identity isn’t a box to check; it’s a canvas. Keep painting, and don’t be afraid to mix new colors into the picture. but one thing for sure, I would love to appear to every single individuals around me, as a singular congruent version of myself, instead of a jigsaw puzzle at my end of life. 


2. Family Dynamics

"Family is not an important thing. It’s everything." – Michael J. Fox


Then : Family was a mix of comfort and chaos. I yearned for an idealized version of family — one that didn’t exist. The generational gap often felt like a canyon I couldn’t cross. I used to also lament the fact that I'm not a typical "Rich Indonesian Chinese Kid", and let's just say my family didnt have a good track record of wise financial decisions. Then songs like "漂向北方" and other literature made me realise the courage of migration and I truly admired that. It is never easy to let go of familiarity to be on a foreign land, to rebuilt life itself. And I'm happy, in their own ways, they have shown growth in various ways including digital, and displayed their never waivering support for me. 


Now : I’ve come to see family as both my grounding and my challenge. I’ve learned to set boundaries while appreciating the love and sacrifices my family has made. It’s about meeting them where they are, not where I wish they’d be. Family isn’t perfect, but it’s home. Balance gratitude with boundaries, and strive for understanding over judgment. I remember the time I was in Hong Kong and on my playlist was "We Are One". As you go through life you'll see, there is so much that we don't understand, And the only thing we know, is things don't always go the way we planned, But you'll see every day that we'll never turn away, When it seems all your dreams come undone, We will stand by your side, Filled with hope and filled with pride, We are more than we are,

We are One.


3. Friendship & Connection

"In the sweetness of friendship let there be laughter, and sharing of pleasures. For in the dew of little things the heart finds its morning and is refreshed." – Kahlil Gibran


Then : Friendship felt like a lifeline. I wanted to hold on to every bond, to keep every laugh and every shared memory alive forever. I wanted friendships that do everything together, share the same interests together, but I realised that's impossible, even for myself. But I also experienced the heartbreak of drifting apart, realizing not all friendships were built to last. And due to life trajectory, some friendships do drift apart, and it's alright. It takes mutual respect, mutual effort, to make it work. This would also mean, there's such thing as "Low Maintanence Friends", someone who celebrates your milestone, and remembers every part of you, even if you don't have to meet often. 


Now : Friendship is no longer about quantity but quality. I’ve come to appreciate the ebb and flow of relationships—some friends are seasonal, some situational, and a few become soul-deep connections. Effort and reciprocity are my markers now. A true friend doesn’t just share your joy without judgement and jealousy but also shows up in your storms initiated and sincere. Cherish those who stand by you, not just when it’s convenient but when it’s hard. Be the friend you’d want to have. Learnt this through many media too, movie films, theatre plays, fictional and non-fictional stories. 


4. Career & Purpose

"Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life." – Confucius


Then : Work was a chore — a way to earn, to survive, to “be productive.” It felt transactional, and often, I wasn’t sure if what I was doing even mattered. Coupled with Sociology of Work, the functional perspectives and conflict perspectives of work, power stuggles, navigating office politics, facades, all these were daunting to me. 


Now : Career has taken on a deeper meaning. It’s become a platform to create, to impact, and to leave a mark. While titles and paychecks matter to some extent, what drives me now is alignment: Does this work align with my values? Am I growing? Am I contributing meaningfully? I hope my Work isn’t just about making a living; it’s about creating a life. Find meaning in what I do, or at least grasp that chance, that foothold, to learn about another world Ive never knew. I hope that my role as an Singapore Inbound Tourist Guide, could inspire travellers on the works of the nation, could educate the past present and future of the nation to travellers in a fresh perspectives beyond the tourism marketing materials, could guide travellers on the way they immerse themselve in the culture of every other destination for their lifetime. One traveller at a time, one local at a time, slow and steady. 


5. Growth Through Failure

"I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." – Thomas Edison


Then : Every failure felt like a verdict. Whether it was a failed test, a poor performance, or a harsh critique, it was hard not to take it personally. I saw failure as the end of the road. Adversity felt like punishment. Life’s tough times often left me questioning, “Why me?” I resisted the storms, wishing they’d pass faster.


Now : Failure is my best teacher. Each stumble brought a lesson - humility, resilience, or just the fact that life goes on, it is not a reflection of your worth. It’s through failing that I’ve built the courage to try, to risk, and to keep going. Every decision I've made, I shall make with no regrets, for the good, the bad, the ugly, it's part of me. I’ve learned to bend like the willow, to find strength in flexibility and grit in vulnerability. The scars you carry are proof of your strength.


6. Perspective on Happiness

"Happiness is not a goal; it is a by-product." – Eleanor Roosevelt


Then : Happiness was a finish line — something to chase through milestones, achievements, and big moments. I thought it was a destination, and I felt lost when I couldn’t find it. I delved into pursuit of happiness, spiritually and materialistically, and fell into Existentialism and Nihilsm. So the chase often left me feeling empty. When the goals were achieved, the happiness I expected would linger often faded quickly. And when I fell short, I felt lost, as though the happiness I had invested so much energy in pursuing was slipping further away. This spiraled into deeper existential questions: What’s the point of happiness if it’s so elusive? Why even try if nothing truly satisfies? I have developed a fear of being happy, Cherophobia, that at that point of extreme happiness from biological reactions, the kind where tears of joy and drowned by the joyous environment, I would have an unexplanable moment of fear that something bad is coming because what goes up much come down. Then I recognised my Maslow and Baxter's Dialectics Theory of Needs. My pursuit of happiness wasn't wrong—it was misdirected. I realized I had been focusing too much on external outcomes, expecting them to give me something they never could : Internal Peace.


Now : Happiness is fleeting, like fireflies on a summer night. It’s found in the smallest moments: a warm cup of coffee, a heartfelt conversation, or even just a deep breath after a long day. And I’ve realized that happiness isn’t possible without its counterpart—sadness. The lows give the highs their meaning. Don’t chase happiness; cultivate it. It lives in the present, not in some far-off “someday.” Most importantly, I’ve realized that happiness isn’t just about external circumstances; it’s about being at peace with myself. It’s about knowing that my decisions align with my values, that I’m pursuing goals that truly matter to me, and that my definition of success isn’t dictated by societal expectations but by what brings me fulfillment. In the end, Happiness isn’t about having it all but about appreciating what you have while continuing to grow.


7. Mentorship and Guidance 

"Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness, that most frightens us." - Marianne Williamson


Then : Being Guided. My journey has been illuminated by the wisdom and guidance of incredible mentors, each teaching me lessons that often only made sense in hindsight. Whether it was Ling Kok Keng's philosophy of life, of balance, of beign human; or Samy Rajoo's relentless generosity and global perspectives; or my NS officers' ability to lead with empathy; or Industry Giants, Wei and TY and even Robin Loh, about business and tourism; or passer-by who I met once or twice which graciously shared their wisdom of their definition of successes; these mentors saw something in me even when I doubted myself. They didn’t just teach me skills or knowledge; they nurtured me into becoming a better version of myself. They taught me to appreciate the forest, not just the tree. They guided me to balance patience with progress and to find growth even in setbacks. Above all, they showed me that mentorship is about trust, care, and the power of seeing potential in others. I feel like Im blessed in the era where resources are plenty and within my reach, that differentiates the endless possibilies in this era which the previous could not indulge in. 


Now : I’ve come to realize that the greatest way to honor my mentors is to pay it forward. Whether it’s guiding the next generation and beyond, I try to embody the same patience, empathy, and vision that shaped me. I’ve learned to balance being a cheerleader and a tough coach, helping others rise to their potential while holding space for their growth. I'm truly blessed to be deemed trustworthy by their parents too, which, given the rebel that I am and my many flaws, could have otherwise been far from the case. Through these, I’ve learned even more about myself too, there's always a reciprocacy in this dynamic. Just as my mentors believed in me when I doubted, I strive to do the same for others. It’s a ripple effect—one that I hope continues long after me.


8. Legacy & Contribution

"What we do for ourselves dies with us. What we do for others and the world remains and is immortal." – Albert Pine


Then : Legacy wasn’t a concept I thought about often. Life, as I saw it, was about surviving, fulfilling immediate responsibilities, and navigating through the daily grind. Contribution felt like something distant—something reserved for the extraordinary, the geniuses, the leaders, the visionaries. I thought you had to create groundbreaking innovations or lead massive movements to leave a mark on the world. In a way, I had internalized the idea that legacy was for "important" people, not someone like me who was just trying to figure things out. Helping others was a good thing, sure, but I didn’t see how small acts of kindness or generosity could amount to anything significant in the grand scheme of things. Legacy, to me, seemed tied to fame or monumental achievements.


Now : Over time, I’ve come to understand that legacy isn’t about grand gestures or having your name etched in history books—it’s about the quiet, meaningful moments that ripple outward in ways we may never fully grasp. Inspired by Tuesdays with Morrie, I’ve realized that the most profound legacies often come from the simplest acts: a kind word that lifts someone’s spirit, a shared moment of laughter that becomes a cherished memory, or the time spent mentoring and guiding someone who needed it. Legacy, for me, is about the lives we touch and the difference we make in our immediate circles. I don’t need to change the entire world to leave a legacy; changing one person’s world is enough. Whether it’s through mentoring a friend, being there for a family member, or uplifting someone struggling with their self-belief, every small act contributes to a larger picture. This shift in perspective has been humbling and liberating. I no longer measure my worth by the scale of my contributions but by their depth and sincerity. A legacy isn’t necessarily about being remembered but about the positive ripples we leave behind—ripples that others may pass on, creating a chain of goodness far beyond what we could ever imagine. 


In Tuesdays with Morrie, Morrie Schwartz reminds us that life is not about accumulating wealth or accolades but about love, connection, and meaning. He says, “The way you get meaning into your life is to devote yourself to loving others, devote yourself to your community around you, and devote yourself to creating something that gives you purpose and meaning.” That wisdom has profoundly shaped my understanding of legacy. It’s not about how many people know your name; it’s about how many lives you’ve touched in ways that truly matter. It’s about the seeds you plant—seeds of kindness, understanding, and inspiration—that may grow long after you’re gone. "And I will live to carry Your compassion, To love a world that's broken, To be Your hands and feet. And I will give with the life that I've been given, And go beyond religion, To see the world be changed." 


9. The Evolving Worldview

"The mind, once stretched by a new idea, never returns to its original dimensions." – Ralph Waldo Emerson


Then : I saw the world in black and white, defined by binaries — right or wrong, success or failure, good or bad. I saw life as a "For Dummies" book, a clear path. It was an oversimplified framework that made navigating life feel safe, as though there was always a clear answer or a correct path. There was a comfort in absolutes, in the notion that following certain "rules" would lead to predictable outcomes. It was the same mindset that made me believe that intelligence was static, that people couldn’t change, and that life was either about winning or losing. But this approach had its limitations. It left little room for understanding others’ perspectives or the layered complexity of situations. I often felt frustrated when life didn’t fit neatly into the boxes I had created. I sought clarity in a world that was inherently chaotic, and I felt overwhelmed when the answers weren’t readily apparent.


Now : The world, I’ve come to realize, is not a puzzle to be solved but a tapestry to be experienced. It’s filled with shades of gray, contradictions, and nuance. I’ve learned to sit with uncertainty, to find peace in the fact that not everything has an immediate answer or resolution. There's always a flow, a time, a space. The concept of "right or wrong" has given way to "what is effective in this context?" Success no longer has a universal definition but instead reflects what aligns with one’s values and goals at a given time. What changed me was the realization that complexity is not chaos—it’s beauty. People are complicated, situations are multifaceted, and answers evolve. I’ve stopped trying to label everything and started asking better questions. Why and How this situation occurs? What are my Johari here? What happened for that perspective to form? I lean into curiosity and exploration, embracing the idea that understanding is a lifelong process rather than a destination.


10. The Role of Reflection

"An unexamined life is not worth living." – Socrates


Then : Reflection has always been part of my life, but in the past, it was raw, unstructured, and deeply emotional. I reflected through poetry, spontaneous musings, and unfiltered thoughts — pouring out whatever was on my mind. These reflections were often reactive, capturing my frustration, joy, or confusion in the moment without necessarily seeking deeper insights or solutions. At that time, reflection felt more like an outlet than a tool — a way to express myself rather than a means to grow. I rarely looked at the bigger picture or thought critically about patterns in my actions or decisions. It was easier to move forward without pausing too long, as stopping to reflect sometimes felt like a confrontation with my own inadequacies or uncertainties.


Now : Reflection is my compass. Whether through journaling, conversations, or quiet moments, it’s how I make sense of the chaos. It’s how I see where I’ve been and where I want to go. Borrowing from frameworks like Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle, I think about not just what happened but why it happened, how I felt, what I learned, and how I can approach similar situations differently moving forward. Reflection has shifted from being a venting exercise to a strategic tool for awareness and understanding people and the inter-personal dynamics too. It is a continuous process — on action, in action, and for action.