A Decade of Me, Myself, and I : 

This year, on my big 30, or 29+1 as I want it to, would do a different kind of review, to go beyond the year, but to the decade. I compiled my life in 10 different themes below. If there’s one thing this decade has taught me, it’s that life is both messy and magical. It’s a paradox of growth and setbacks, of love and loss, of certainty and doubt. And through it all, I’ve come to realize that the journey matters more than the destination. Here’s to the next chapter, where the lessons continue and the story unfolds. Cheers to the beautiful chaos of being human. 🥂

1. Identity & Self-Acceptance

"The privilege of a lifetime is to become who you truly are." – Carl Jung

Then : Like most, I was searching for “me,” only to realize I didn’t even know what that meant. Identity felt like something fixed, something I was supposed to find and stick with. Fitting in meant survival, and being different felt risky. Ive explored Personality, Expression of Self, Cooley Looking Glass, Goffman Dramaturgical Self, Eastern Philophy of Self such as Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Hinduism. 

Now : Identity is no longer a destination; it’s a journey. It’s fluid, shaped by experiences, relationships, and even failures. I’ve learned that it’s okay to shed old identities to make space for new ones. Who I was at 20 isn’t who I am at 30, and that’s how it should be. Identity isn’t a box to check; it’s a canvas. Keep painting, and don’t be afraid to mix new colors into the picture. but one thing for sure, I would love to appear to every single individuals around me, as a singular congruent version of myself, instead of a jigsaw puzzle at my end of life. 

2. Family Dynamics

"Family is not an important thing. It’s everything." – Michael J. Fox

Then : Family was a mix of comfort and chaos. I yearned for an idealized version of family — one that didn’t exist. The generational gap often felt like a canyon I couldn’t cross. I used to also lament the fact that I'm not a typical "Rich Indonesian Chinese Kid", and let's just say my family didnt have a good track record of wise financial decisions. Then songs like "漂向北方" and other literature made me realise the courage of migration and I truly admired that. It is never easy to let go of familiarity to be on a foreign land, to rebuilt life itself. And I'm happy, in their own ways, they have shown growth in various ways including digital, and displayed their never waivering support for me. 

Now : I’ve come to see family as both my grounding and my challenge. I’ve learned to set boundaries while appreciating the love and sacrifices my family has made. It’s about meeting them where they are, not where I wish they’d be. Family isn’t perfect, but it’s home. Balance gratitude with boundaries, and strive for understanding over judgment. I remember the time I was in Hong Kong and on my playlist was "We Are One". As you go through life you'll see, there is so much that we don't understand, And the only thing we know, is things don't always go the way we planned, But you'll see every day that we'll never turn away, When it seems all your dreams come undone, We will stand by your side, Filled with hope and filled with pride, We are more than we are,

We are One.

3. Friendship & Connection

"In the sweetness of friendship let there be laughter, and sharing of pleasures. For in the dew of little things the heart finds its morning and is refreshed." – Kahlil Gibran

Then : Friendship felt like a lifeline. I wanted to hold on to every bond, to keep every laugh and every shared memory alive forever. I wanted friendships that do everything together, share the same interests together, but I realised that's impossible, even for myself. But I also experienced the heartbreak of drifting apart, realizing not all friendships were built to last. And due to life trajectory, some friendships do drift apart, and it's alright. It takes mutual respect, mutual effort, to make it work. This would also mean, there's such thing as "Low Maintanence Friends", someone who celebrates your milestone, and remembers every part of you, even if you don't have to meet often. 

Now : Friendship is no longer about quantity but quality. I’ve come to appreciate the ebb and flow of relationships—some friends are seasonal, some situational, and a few become soul-deep connections. Effort and reciprocity are my markers now. A true friend doesn’t just share your joy without judgement and jealousy but also shows up in your storms initiated and sincere. Cherish those who stand by you, not just when it’s convenient but when it’s hard. Be the friend you’d want to have. Learnt this through many media too, movie films, theatre plays, fictional and non-fictional stories. 

4. Career & Purpose

"Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life." – Confucius

Then : Work was a chore — a way to earn, to survive, to “be productive.” It felt transactional, and often, I wasn’t sure if what I was doing even mattered. Coupled with Sociology of Work, the functional perspectives and conflict perspectives of work, power stuggles, navigating office politics, facades, all these were daunting to me. 

Now : Career has taken on a deeper meaning. It’s become a platform to create, to impact, and to leave a mark. While titles and paychecks matter to some extent, what drives me now is alignment: Does this work align with my values? Am I growing? Am I contributing meaningfully? I hope my Work isn’t just about making a living; it’s about creating a life. Find meaning in what I do, or at least grasp that chance, that foothold, to learn about another world Ive never knew. I hope that my role as an Singapore Inbound Tourist Guide, could inspire travellers on the works of the nation, could educate the past present and future of the nation to travellers in a fresh perspectives beyond the tourism marketing materials, could guide travellers on the way they immerse themselve in the culture of every other destination for their lifetime. One traveller at a time, one local at a time, slow and steady. 

5. Growth Through Failure

"I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." – Thomas Edison

Then : Every failure felt like a verdict. Whether it was a failed test, a poor performance, or a harsh critique, it was hard not to take it personally. I saw failure as the end of the road. Adversity felt like punishment. Life’s tough times often left me questioning, “Why me?” I resisted the storms, wishing they’d pass faster.

Now : Failure is my best teacher. Each stumble brought a lesson - humility, resilience, or just the fact that life goes on, it is not a reflection of your worth. It’s through failing that I’ve built the courage to try, to risk, and to keep going. Every decision I've made, I shall make with no regrets, for the good, the bad, the ugly, it's part of me. I’ve learned to bend like the willow, to find strength in flexibility and grit in vulnerability. The scars you carry are proof of your strength.

6. Perspective on Happiness

"Happiness is not a goal; it is a by-product." – Eleanor Roosevelt

Then : Happiness was a finish line — something to chase through milestones, achievements, and big moments. I thought it was a destination, and I felt lost when I couldn’t find it. I delved into pursuit of happiness, spiritually and materialistically, and fell into Existentialism and Nihilsm. So the chase often left me feeling empty. When the goals were achieved, the happiness I expected would linger often faded quickly. And when I fell short, I felt lost, as though the happiness I had invested so much energy in pursuing was slipping further away. This spiraled into deeper existential questions: What’s the point of happiness if it’s so elusive? Why even try if nothing truly satisfies? I have developed a fear of being happy, Cherophobia, that at that point of extreme happiness from biological reactions, the kind where tears of joy and drowned by the joyous environment, I would have an unexplanable moment of fear that something bad is coming because what goes up much come down. Then I recognised my Maslow and Baxter's Dialectics Theory of Needs. My pursuit of happiness wasn't wrong—it was misdirected. I realized I had been focusing too much on external outcomes, expecting them to give me something they never could : Internal Peace.

Now : Happiness is fleeting, like fireflies on a summer night. It’s found in the smallest moments: a warm cup of coffee, a heartfelt conversation, or even just a deep breath after a long day. And I’ve realized that happiness isn’t possible without its counterpart—sadness. The lows give the highs their meaning. Don’t chase happiness; cultivate it. It lives in the present, not in some far-off “someday.” Most importantly, I’ve realized that happiness isn’t just about external circumstances; it’s about being at peace with myself. It’s about knowing that my decisions align with my values, that I’m pursuing goals that truly matter to me, and that my definition of success isn’t dictated by societal expectations but by what brings me fulfillment. In the end, Happiness isn’t about having it all but about appreciating what you have while continuing to grow.

7. Mentorship and Guidance 

"Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness, that most frightens us." - Marianne Williamson

Then : Being Guided. My journey has been illuminated by the wisdom and guidance of incredible mentors, each teaching me lessons that often only made sense in hindsight. Whether it was Ling Kok Keng's philosophy of life, of balance, of beign human; or Samy Rajoo's relentless generosity and global perspectives; or my NS officers' ability to lead with empathy; or Industry Giants, Wei and TY and even Robin Loh, about business and tourism; or passer-by who I met once or twice which graciously shared their wisdom of their definition of successes; these mentors saw something in me even when I doubted myself. They didn’t just teach me skills or knowledge; they nurtured me into becoming a better version of myself. They taught me to appreciate the forest, not just the tree. They guided me to balance patience with progress and to find growth even in setbacks. Above all, they showed me that mentorship is about trust, care, and the power of seeing potential in others. I feel like Im blessed in the era where resources are plenty and within my reach, that differentiates the endless possibilies in this era which the previous could not indulge in. 

Now : I’ve come to realize that the greatest way to honor my mentors is to pay it forward. Whether it’s guiding the next generation and beyond, I try to embody the same patience, empathy, and vision that shaped me. I’ve learned to balance being a cheerleader and a tough coach, helping others rise to their potential while holding space for their growth. I'm truly blessed to be deemed trustworthy by their parents too, which, given the rebel that I am and my many flaws, could have otherwise been far from the case. Through these, I’ve learned even more about myself too, there's always a reciprocacy in this dynamic. Just as my mentors believed in me when I doubted, I strive to do the same for others. It’s a ripple effect—one that I hope continues long after me.

8. Legacy & Contribution

"What we do for ourselves dies with us. What we do for others and the world remains and is immortal." – Albert Pine

Then : Legacy wasn’t a concept I thought about often. Life, as I saw it, was about surviving, fulfilling immediate responsibilities, and navigating through the daily grind. Contribution felt like something distant—something reserved for the extraordinary, the geniuses, the leaders, the visionaries. I thought you had to create groundbreaking innovations or lead massive movements to leave a mark on the world. In a way, I had internalized the idea that legacy was for "important" people, not someone like me who was just trying to figure things out. Helping others was a good thing, sure, but I didn’t see how small acts of kindness or generosity could amount to anything significant in the grand scheme of things. Legacy, to me, seemed tied to fame or monumental achievements.

Now : Over time, I’ve come to understand that legacy isn’t about grand gestures or having your name etched in history books—it’s about the quiet, meaningful moments that ripple outward in ways we may never fully grasp. Inspired by Tuesdays with Morrie, I’ve realized that the most profound legacies often come from the simplest acts: a kind word that lifts someone’s spirit, a shared moment of laughter that becomes a cherished memory, or the time spent mentoring and guiding someone who needed it. Legacy, for me, is about the lives we touch and the difference we make in our immediate circles. I don’t need to change the entire world to leave a legacy; changing one person’s world is enough. Whether it’s through mentoring a friend, being there for a family member, or uplifting someone struggling with their self-belief, every small act contributes to a larger picture. This shift in perspective has been humbling and liberating. I no longer measure my worth by the scale of my contributions but by their depth and sincerity. A legacy isn’t necessarily about being remembered but about the positive ripples we leave behind—ripples that others may pass on, creating a chain of goodness far beyond what we could ever imagine. 

In Tuesdays with Morrie, Morrie Schwartz reminds us that life is not about accumulating wealth or accolades but about love, connection, and meaning. He says, “The way you get meaning into your life is to devote yourself to loving others, devote yourself to your community around you, and devote yourself to creating something that gives you purpose and meaning.” That wisdom has profoundly shaped my understanding of legacy. It’s not about how many people know your name; it’s about how many lives you’ve touched in ways that truly matter. It’s about the seeds you plant—seeds of kindness, understanding, and inspiration—that may grow long after you’re gone. "And I will live to carry Your compassion, To love a world that's broken, To be Your hands and feet. And I will give with the life that I've been given, And go beyond religion, To see the world be changed." 

9. The Evolving Worldview

"The mind, once stretched by a new idea, never returns to its original dimensions." – Ralph Waldo Emerson

Then : I saw the world in black and white, defined by binaries — right or wrong, success or failure, good or bad. I saw life as a "For Dummies" book, a clear path. It was an oversimplified framework that made navigating life feel safe, as though there was always a clear answer or a correct path. There was a comfort in absolutes, in the notion that following certain "rules" would lead to predictable outcomes. It was the same mindset that made me believe that intelligence was static, that people couldn’t change, and that life was either about winning or losing. But this approach had its limitations. It left little room for understanding others’ perspectives or the layered complexity of situations. I often felt frustrated when life didn’t fit neatly into the boxes I had created. I sought clarity in a world that was inherently chaotic, and I felt overwhelmed when the answers weren’t readily apparent.

Now : The world, I’ve come to realize, is not a puzzle to be solved but a tapestry to be experienced. It’s filled with shades of gray, contradictions, and nuance. I’ve learned to sit with uncertainty, to find peace in the fact that not everything has an immediate answer or resolution. There's always a flow, a time, a space. The concept of "right or wrong" has given way to "what is effective in this context?" Success no longer has a universal definition but instead reflects what aligns with one’s values and goals at a given time. What changed me was the realization that complexity is not chaos—it’s beauty. People are complicated, situations are multifaceted, and answers evolve. I’ve stopped trying to label everything and started asking better questions. Why and How this situation occurs? What are my Johari here? What happened for that perspective to form? I lean into curiosity and exploration, embracing the idea that understanding is a lifelong process rather than a destination.

10. The Role of Reflection

"An unexamined life is not worth living." – Socrates

Then : Reflection has always been part of my life, but in the past, it was raw, unstructured, and deeply emotional. I reflected through poetry, spontaneous musings, and unfiltered thoughts — pouring out whatever was on my mind. These reflections were often reactive, capturing my frustration, joy, or confusion in the moment without necessarily seeking deeper insights or solutions. At that time, reflection felt more like an outlet than a tool — a way to express myself rather than a means to grow. I rarely looked at the bigger picture or thought critically about patterns in my actions or decisions. It was easier to move forward without pausing too long, as stopping to reflect sometimes felt like a confrontation with my own inadequacies or uncertainties.

Now : Reflection is my compass. Whether through journaling, conversations, or quiet moments, it’s how I make sense of the chaos. It’s how I see where I’ve been and where I want to go. Borrowing from frameworks like Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle, I think about not just what happened but why it happened, how I felt, what I learned, and how I can approach similar situations differently moving forward. Reflection has shifted from being a venting exercise to a strategic tool for awareness and understanding people and the inter-personal dynamics too. It is a continuous process — on action, in action, and for action. 

Bangalore, Bengaluru, and Big Lessons

Bangalore, or as it’s officially known now, Bengaluru, is a city of contrasts. At just 10 sq km larger than Singapore but with a staggering population of 14 million, it’s easy to see why it’s nicknamed the Silicon Valley of India. The city pulls in people from across the country (and the world) who are hungry for opportunities in tech, education, and more. On the ground, the city is divided into 2 stands, one group that feels the overcrowding situation should be handled, and the other group to feel that it should be organic and allow the freedom of choice for internal migration and the city will figure out. For us, a group of students on a mission to explore Applied Sustainability, the city promised an exciting backdrop for understanding the challenges and opportunities of sustainable living in a megacity. 

A Sustainability Skeptic 

First, a confession: I’ve never considered myself a sustainability enthusiast. Let’s be real—how much difference can one person make? Isn’t it the job of big corporations to deal with waste, energy use, and pollution? Honestly, I came to Bangalore skeptical. But this trip? It made me rethink a lot. What struck me most was the sheer number of ground-up initiatives. These weren’t flashy, Instagrammable projects, but real efforts from people who saw the gap between well-written policies and the messy reality of implementation. Particularly in rural areas, it felt like people had taken the reins to solve problems their own way.

Ragikana: A Farmers Market with Heart

On Christmas Day, we visited Ragikana, a farmers’ market that felt like a breath of fresh air. It wasn’t just about buying organic veggies or pretty snacks. It was a place where farmers and consumers actually connected, bridging the urban-rural divide. The energy there was palpable—Christmas cheer blended with the warmth of a community genuinely working towards sustainable farming practices. I couldn't help but think: This is what ground-up sustainability looks like. It’s not just about eco-labels; it’s about trust, relationships, and shared purpose. Each member of the community brings in something for the rest. I see some cake-baking workshops; some offered their expert insights on topics such as "Adapted Christmas Celebration in India", "Arts", "Sustainable Living", and more; some are mere consumers to support the small scale farmers who came with limited quantity of fruits and vegetables; some are here to spread awareness of some apps they have developed for delivery of good; some just want to showcase their crafts. 

Farmers’ Struggles: Beyond the Policies

Bangalore, nestled in the state of Karnataka, is paradoxically home to one of India’s largest hubs for agricultural exports and yet grapples with severe challenges at the grassroots level. Despite its reputation for being the “Silicon Valley of India,” agriculture remains a significant livelihood for millions in Karnataka. However, the reality of farming here—and in much of India—paints a starkly different picture compared to the glossy success stories of the tech industry.

Karnataka is a leading exporter of coffee, spices, flowers, and millet. Its agricultural exports contribute significantly to the state's GDP and global trade presence. Yet, the average annual income of a farmer in Karnataka is approximately ₹84,000 annually (SGD $1,400). Compare this with India’s national average income of around ₹192,000 (SGD $3,200), and the disparity becomes glaring. This vast income gap highlights the systemic undervaluation of the agricultural sector and the challenges faced by those who are the backbone of this industry.

Underemployment: A Persistent Issue

One of the biggest issues farmers in Karnataka face is underemployment—a situation where people are employed but not working to their full potential. In agriculture, this is rampant due to several interconnected factors:

1. Seasonal Nature of Farming: Farming is inherently cyclical, with peak labor requirements during sowing and harvest seasons but long periods of inactivity in between.

2. Lack of Alternative Jobs: Many rural areas in Karnataka lack viable non-agricultural job opportunities. While Bangalore offers tech and service jobs, these opportunities rarely extend to rural communities.

3. Low Skill Diversification: Farmers and agricultural workers often lack the training needed to transition into other industries, creating a vicious cycle of reliance on low-paying agricultural work.

4. Land Fragmentation: Over generations, landholdings have been divided into smaller plots due to inheritance practices. The average farm size in Karnataka is just 1.55 hectares, making it increasingly unviable for farming. This limits farmers' ability to scale or innovate, further worsening underemployment.One of the most pressing challenges in Karnataka’s agriculture sector is land shrinkage, caused by a mix of economic, social, and environmental factors : Generational Land Division: Families divide their land among children, resulting in smaller and less productive plots over time ; Rising Debts: Many farmers take on loans to invest in crops or cover basic expenses. Poor yields, low market prices, or erratic weather often leave them unable to repay, forcing them to sell off land to settle debts, an endless debt cycle from banks and unofficial lenders, and Policies generally do not reach to them due to accesibility to the proper channel of help ; Erratic Weather and Droughts: Karnataka has been particularly vulnerable to changing climate patterns. Droughts, unseasonal rains, and rising temperatures have severely affected crop yields. For example, in recent years, the state has faced one of the highest rates of drought among Indian states.

Waste Management: Walking the Talk

Bangalore’s approach to waste management is an inspiring blend of innovation, community participation, and education. It goes beyond mere segregation into a robust system that integrates the principles of the 5 Rs: Reject, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle. During our visits, we saw firsthand how these principles are applied and the transformative impact they have on sustainability and livelihoods. At Swachagraha Kalika Kendra, this segregation goes further, focusing on education to ensure communities understand the value of sorting waste at the source. It has become a beacon of community-driven composting education : Interactive Sessions: Workshops teach residents how to compost kitchen and garden waste at home ; Garden Waste Management: Public gardens in Bangalore collect organic waste, which is then composted to enrich the soil, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers ; Demonstration Plots: The center uses demonstration gardens to show how compost can rejuvenate soil, promoting urban farming and community gardens. A standout aspect of Bangalore’s waste management system is the role of Rural Women in the process.Women are employed to sort dry waste, particularly plastics, into 27 specific categories. This meticulous sorting enables higher-quality recycling and reduces contamination. Many of these women come from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Their involvement not only provides a steady income but also gives them a sense of purpose and dignity. Training programs help women learn about recycling technologies and innovative uses for sorted waste, such as turning plastics into road-building materials. Similarly, this is seen in Sunbird Straws Processing Centres and Bakahu Powder Centres too. 

Education: The True Equalizer

If there’s one thing that can transform any society, it’s education. Bangalore exemplified this idea in ways I hadn’t anticipated. From discussions about the importance of vocational training for rural youth to the role of universities in sustainability research, I saw how education can bridge the gap between policy and reality, such as "Art of Living" centre, though the questionable spirituality aspects, but amazing inititatives to empower youths and the rurals. 57 programs are offered by Art of Living, tailored to various age groups and needs, focusing on personal development, stress elimination, and holistic well-being. These includes : Transformation of Barren Land, Reviving Water Bodies, Skill Development Programs (Engineering, Solar, Drones, Mobile Repair, IT Services, etc), Project Bharat, Solar Electrification of the Campus, APEX (Achieving Personal Excellence), and more. 

It was particularly inspiring to hear about initiatives targeting women and marginalized communities, giving them access to skills and opportunities that might otherwise have been out of reach. The city’s higher socio-economic status, fueled by its booming tech and corporate sectors, has cultivated a globalized and considerate urban culture. This was evident in everyday interactions, particularly on public transport, where people refrained from loud conversations, avoided disruptive behaviors like video calls, and maintained an awareness of personal space. The metro’s women-only carriages added another layer of comfort and safety, reflecting the city’s commitment to gender inclusivity. Initiatives like the Shakti Scheme, which provides free public transport for women, have had transformative effects, empowering women from lower-income households to join the workforce, participate in civic activities, and contribute to the economy. This accessibility has boosted household incomes and promoted a more inclusive society, showcasing how education and thoughtful policies can enhance women’s agency in both public and professional spheres. Beyond transport, the city’s emphasis on gender inclusivity is evident in the safety measures and campaigns that encourage greater confidence and mobility for women.

Breaking away from group in the evenings to explore the city independently (me and my buddy) revealed Bengaluru’s unique character. Luxurious dining venues and high-end malls were bustling with professionals and families, demonstrating the city’s ability to balance its globalized image with local traditions. This cultural fusion, driven by education and economic growth, gives Bengaluru its vibrancy and distinct identity. It is a city where education transcends the classroom, shaping behaviors, fostering inclusivity, and contributing to a thriving, cohesive community. My time here made it clear that when combined with opportunity and thoughtful policies, education can transform not just individuals, but entire cities. Education’s influence extends to the city’s polished etiquette and civic responsibility. Employees from global companies like Boeing, Google, and Microsoft, frequenting upscale restaurants and shopping spaces, carry themselves with civility and respect. Public spaces, from parks to metro stations, are maintained with a sense of shared responsibility, reflecting the values of an educated and aware populace.

Mysore : A Brief Journey to the Past 

Mysore, a city steeped in history and culture, offered us a window into its rich past and vibrant present through its diverse attractions. One of the highlights was our visit to the St. Philomena’s Cathedral, a striking example of architectural and cultural fusion. Its neo-Gothic design, inspired by Cologne Cathedral, is stunning, but what stood out were the varied sculptures and artwork adorning the interior. The cathedral features a blend of Orthodox, Catholic, and even Eastern influences, a testament to the scarcity of craftsmen during its construction. Instead of rigid exclusivity, the church embraced artisans from all denominations, resulting in an awe-inspiring space that beautifully merges spiritual traditions. It serves not just as a place of worship but also as a symbol of unity and inclusivity.

Next, we explored the grandeur of the Mysore Palace, one of India’s most iconic royal residences. Built in the Indo-Saracenic style, the palace is a masterpiece of ornate architecture with its domes, arches, and intricate carvings. Historically, the palace stands as a symbol of the Wodeyar dynasty, which ruled Mysore for over five centuries. The Wodeyars were patrons of art, culture, and education, and their reign significantly contributed to the city’s prosperity and development. They championed the arts, funded public infrastructure, and played a key role in integrating Mysore into the broader fabric of modern India. Today, the palace attracts millions of visitors annually, offering a glimpse into the opulence and influence of Mysore's kings, whose contributions continue to shape the region’s identity.

At the Jaganmohan Palace Art Gallery, we delved into Mysore’s artistic heritage. Among the many treasures housed here, one particularly fascinating exhibit caught my eye: an ancient version of Indian chess, known as Chaturanga or Indian attack chess. This precursor to modern chess reflects India’s deep intellectual and cultural history, emphasizing strategy, foresight, and skill. The gallery, with its vast collection of paintings, sculptures, and artifacts, encapsulates Mysore’s legacy as a hub for creativity and innovation. It’s a reminder of how art has always been a powerful medium for storytelling and cultural preservation in this region.

Our visit to the Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary offered a refreshing break from the city's historical grandeur, immersing us in the wonders of nature. Spanning over 40 acres, this sanctuary is a haven for migratory birds, including painted storks, pelicans, and open-bill storks. Its unique ecosystem, centered around the Kaveri River, supports diverse flora and fauna, creating a delicate balance that sustains life for both resident and visiting species. The sanctuary is a vital breeding ground for many birds and serves as a significant site for ecological conservation in Karnataka. Observing the serene interactions between the river, the birds, and the lush greenery was a humbling experience, underscoring the importance of protecting such habitats amidst the pressures of urbanization.

Mysore seamlessly blends history, art, and nature, offering a rich tapestry of experiences. Each site we visited revealed a new layer of its heritage, from its royal past to its vibrant ecosystems, leaving us with a deeper appreciation for the city’s enduring legacy.

Food: Street vs. Fine Dining

Let’s talk about food—because what’s a trip without culinary adventures?

In most cities I’ve traveled to, the best food is usually on the streets. Bangalore, though, flipped this on its head. During the first week, we explored campus eateries and street vendors, but the standout meals came from Alchemy : Contemporary Indian Cuisine, ZLB23 Speakeasy Bar where band played Bon Jovi Tribute and we had to go through the backdoor, up the lift in the kitchen, and press a suspicious floor to reveal the lcoation, and Shiv Sagar Fine Dining. Then, for the thrill of it, we had Beef Sizzling Steaks after the visit to see 1,200 cows at some GuruKul, and then had some Pork Sausages wrapped with Pork Bacon, a rare menu there. 

Why? Maybe it’s because South Indian food in Singapore’s Little India is already so authentic. Being a guide myself, I’ve tasted some of the best dosa, idli, and biryani back home. Indian food, wherever you go, retains its authenticity—it’s one of the few cuisines that migrates without losing its soul. So while the street food in Bangalore was good, it wasn’t necessarily new for me.

That being said, we have also hunted for the most unhygenic street food possible, eating Cup Corns from street peddlers, Lime Soda where the cups are laden with black layer of dust, Holige where they wash their post-cash-handling-hands in the same bucket of water to prepare the food too, and some Dosa prepared on a Gas Tawa that didnt seemed to be washed for decades. But all in all, no food poisoning no diarrhoea no major health concern. I guess in Bangalore, things are not as unclean as the stereotypes. 

Indian Hospitality: A Cultural Immersion

Our time in India was nothing short of extraordinary, largely thanks to the hospitality extended to us by the local students. From the moment we arrived, they welcomed us into their culture with warmth and enthusiasm, introducing us to experiences we might never have ventured into on our own. Indian hospitality is something else—it’s a blend of generosity, openness, and a genuine desire to share their world with outsiders.

One of the first things we noticed was how they curated our food adventures. At one restaurant, a COW casually wandered into the premises while everyone, including the staff, seemed completely unfazed. It was a surreal moment, reminding us how deeply embedded animals are in everyday Indian life. On the roads, we witnessed "Jugaad" in action—a uniquely Indian form of resourcefulness. Drivers would pull off makeshift fixes to vehicles, tie things together with ropes, or stack goods precariously on a small bike, showcasing their ingenious ability to make things work with minimal resources. Or sometimes they just wanted a chai or to go to the nature toilet (bush) HAHAHAHS! It’s chaotic, but it works, and honestly, there’s a certain beauty in that ingenuity.

Getting around was an adventure in itself. We experienced the full range of transportation—from squeezing into a tuktuk (auto) that darted through traffic like it had a death wish, to riding the surprisingly efficient metro system. On Uber Motorbikes, we saw other bikers zoomed past us with whole families balanced on a single seat, an everyday spectacle that left us wide-eyed. Despite the occasional moments of terror on the roads, the charm of it all was undeniable.

One of the highlights was breaking away from the structured itinerary to enjoy the nightlife. We danced at an Indian club (ignoring the strict campus curfew and booking a nearby hotel to avoid being caught), sang our hearts out at a Rooftop Karaoke Bar, and soaked in the buzzing energy of the city. The students’ hospitality extended beyond just showing us around—they invited us into their Home for games and sweets, and ofcoz alcohol and stuffs, creating an intimate experience that truly made us feel like part of their community. At Mysore, there was nothing going on after 10pm so we had room karaoke, dance, party and smokes, till 3am. 

Admittedly, we guys took more liberties than the 4 girls, who were understandably cautious, coming from the more sheltered environment of Singapore. While they meticulously stuck to the RAMS (Risk Assessment) guidelines, we embraced the unpredictable. From playing with wild dogs and cows to examining worms up close, we threw caution to the wind. I couldn’t help but think that being in a foreign country is about immersing yourself fully, fears and all. After all, what’s the worst that could happen? We had our travel insurance for a reason.

This trip wasn’t just about seeing a new place—it was about living it. The chaos, the warmth, the resilience, and the pure spirit of India left a mark on us. Indian hospitality isn’t just about welcoming guests; it’s about making them feel at home, part of the fabric of the culture. It’s messy, it’s unpredictable, but it’s real. And for that, I’ll always be grateful.

Vaibhav : My Indian Brother 

Among the many highlights of this trip, meeting Vaibhav stands out as a truly unforgettable experience. A master’s student specializing in sustainability, Vaibhav was a bundle of energy and enthusiasm, someone who could match me stride for stride in terms of fun and high spirits. What made him even more impressive was his well-traveled background and deep appreciation for food, particularly his expertise in biryani. From Hyderabadi to Lucknowi styles, he seemed to have a detailed knowledge of every variety, making him a foodie with a true specialty.

What I didn’t expect, however, was the connection we’d form over country music. It’s not every day you meet someone outside of the usual country music circles who shares a love for artists like Kenny Rogers. At his house, I spotted a vinyl collection that spoke volumes about his eclectic tastes, and when he claimed Rogers as his top artist, I knew I had to do something special. I ended up buying him a premium limited-edition vinyl—probably the most expensive one I’ve ever purchased. It was worth every penny, though, to honor this bubbly chap who made the trip so memorable.

One moment that perfectly encapsulates Vaibhav’s spirit was on the bus when he suddenly broke into song with "On the Rivers of Babylon." I was half-asleep at the time but immediately woke up to join him in a raucous singalong. His energy was infectious, his laughter contagious, and his zest for life unparalleled. Vaibhav is truly a gem, someone who brought joy and connection to this journey, and I’ll always remember him as one of the brightest highlights of my time in India.

El : Curious Boy stuck with me for Bangalore 

This trip wouldn’t have been as unforgettable without my buddy, El. I didn’t expect to have such a great time, especially as I’m probably the oldest in the group, and I tend to explore countries with a different lens—seeking cultural immersion rather than sticking to what’s presented on the surface. But El’s energy and curiosity added a whole new dimension to this journey. The turning point came right on the first night when he casually asked, “You want to go out of campus to explore nearby food?” That simple question marked the beginning of our shared adventure.

El’s openness to Indian food was refreshing. Being constantly exposed to it during the trip, everything felt new and exciting to him—far beyond the typical prata and butter chicken he was used to back home. His fearless approach made every meal an adventure, and his genuine enthusiasm resonated with everyone, especially the local students. By the second day, he had already struck up friendships, diving into their hospitality with open arms. Whether it was playing sports, visiting their homes, or asking about their daily routines, hobbies, and aspirations, El was eager to explore their world. He didn’t just skim the surface—he engaged deeply, from discussing side hustles to exchanging views on world politics and global finance.

Despite the seven-year age gap between us, I never felt disconnected. El’s readiness to talk about more personal topics—romance, life trajectories, social constructs—made for meaningful conversations that I truly valued. Fun fact: I learned that he’s a Grade 7 piano player, was part of a concert band playing percussion, and is quite the metalhead, with Kingslayer by BMTH being one of his favorites. Beyond these revelations, I had the chance to share my perspectives with him too, from appreciating cocktails as a craft rather than a means to get drunk, to exploring the symbolism behind art and religion.

El’s inquisitive nature and openness reminded me of another good friend, Jasper, and I couldn’t help but think how amazing it would be to bring both of them along for my planned Ancient Civilizations trip to Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia. El’s ability to connect with people, embrace new experiences, and dive into deeper topics makes him an incredible travel companion. This trip not only strengthened our bond but also gave me a new appreciation for exploring a country through someone else’s fresh perspective. Here’s to more adventures with El—someone who turned this journey into something truly special.

Dr Cynthia : Enabler of This Trip 

This portion is written to express my deepest gratitude and admiration for the exceptional guidance and facilitation provided by Dr. Cynthia throughout this program. Her expertise and dedication have not only enriched my experience in Bengaluru but have also profoundly shaped my understanding of the complexities and nuances of the topics we explored.

Dr. Cynthia’s ability to tactfully navigate the dynamics between the Singaporean and Indian students has been exemplary. She has seamlessly aligned expectations from guest speakers and hosts, creating an environment of mutual respect and collaboration. Her thoughtful approach to facilitation has enabled us to not only see things from different perspectives but also to dive deep into the range topics with curiosity and purpose. What I admire most about Dr. Cynthia is her remarkable ability to embody an inter-disciplinary lens. Whether examining issues from the perspective of policymakers, understanding social and informal norms, applying sociological thinking, appreciating cultural traditions, or aligning with national priorities of both Singapore and India, she has consistently broadened our horizons and encouraged us to think critically and holistically.

Under her guidance, I have been able to gain a deeper understanding of the interconnections between these diverse perspectives, helping me appreciate the intricacies of sustainable development, cross-cultural collaboration, and global priorities. Her efforts have truly framed my experience in Bengaluru as one of profound learning, growth, and immersion. I am incredibly grateful to have had the opportunity to learn from Dr. Cynthia and witness her dedication to fostering meaningful, interdisciplinary learning. 

 November 2024. Northern Vietnam

My Northern Vietnam trip this round in 2024, would be summarised in 3 portions, first Caving with Oxalis Adventure, then Ha Giang Easy Rider Motorbike Loop with SoTravel SG, and then Cao Bang Loop with a local operator. 

Arrived on 07 Nov and straight to Dong Hoi on overnight train. Was picked up early morning 7am by Oxalis to my homestay. Was a great rest because of early check in, cycled around the town a bit before going for the Sunset Cruise on Chay River. The next day had a Full Day Tour on Phong Nha Caves by Boat. It was rather "built up" as it was a cave full of artificial lights. The boatman then explained the different shapes, just like a typical imagination-led exploration of the cave. Well it is after all an UNESCO sight so inevitable development of tourism. I was transferred to the Oxalis Camp after that. 

I took the 2 days Hang Tien & Tu Lan Caves, meaning there was no overnight stays in the caves. These are part of the Phong Nha Ke Bang cave systems, which also houses the biggest cave in the world, Son Doong. Oxalis was the first operator to conduct such trails but I was pleasantly surprised their enormous effort to gatekeep so that it remains untouched. They were very responsible to the point that their porters would carry bags to collect rubbish along the trails. They have made sure to enter and leave the place as "silently" as possible, with no trace. The guide was very knowledgeable about the flora and fauna, pointing out the diversity around, breaking the journey down to bite sized information. The first day took us to Hang Tien largest Dry Cave, "Fairy Cave". Legend tells about descended fairies busy sightseeing that they forgot their way back to heaven. The crown jewel, The tornado-shaped "Galaxy Swirl" was formed by the erosive force of trapped water inside the previously small cave entrance millions of years ago. Geological jargons start filling the commentary of stalactites, stalagmites, cave pearls, cave corals, gaur pools, draperies (curtain-shaped limestone), and more. On the second day we went to the famous Rat Cave where we enter from a small tail leading to the huge entrance. The 30 metres entrance has been used as a filming set for many famous movies such as “The Immortal" and "The Legend of Quan Tien”. Oh yes we passed the village used as a backdrop of "Kong : Skull Island" too and was told they paid farmers to keep the buffalos at home for the filming duration. There were parts of the experience where we had to do river crossing too and swim in the caves which was rather refreshing (no bat smells). 

The caving experience concluded and I stopped by Ninh Binh along the day. Ninh Binh is yet another UNESCO site, Trang An in particular. The Hoa Lu Ancient Capital City feels like a place for History Buffs and to trace the ancient dynasties of Vietnam of 10th century by King Dinh Tien Hoang. It is still a remarkable preservation of their temples and mausoleums. Ofcoz there is the easy motorbike option to save time. Then, at Trang An, it was a pleasantly unexpected caving experience where even for a 1.6m build like me had to "duck" as we entered the 1.0km long caves. The 3.0 hrs boat tour brings us to some temples but we decided not to go down, only having a brief stop at "Kong Filmset" where they explained the Ancient Aboriginals way of life on the cone shaped straw huts. The Ninh Binh exploration ended at Hang Mua Viewpoint with 500 man-made steps into the famous Lying Dragon. There was at least a hundred pax at the queue so I decided not to join the queue to "climb the dragon" and instead took a few checklist photos before heading down to the Lily Pads for somemore photos. I had half a day free but as I reached Tam Coc which was labelled as "Halong Bay of Ninh Binh", I was swarmed with touters to buy ticket, to park motorbike, to take photos, to do this and that, so I decided not to since its only an hours ride for that relatively steep price (compared to Trang An) and I went cafe hopping instead. Then I headed to Hanoi for my next leg of the journey and did express laundry too. 

After a Hanoi Michelin Street Food Tour and the touristy Train Street, I joined the rest of SoTravel group to the overnight sleeper bus to Ha Giang. The Ha Giang Loop passes through 4 districts, including Quan Ba, Yen Minh, Dong Van, Meo Vac. Unexpectedly, Ha Giang is also under UNESCO. Dong Van Karst Plateau was recognized as the first Global UNESCO Geopark of Vietnam and the second in Southeast Asia. We went up quickly on Day 1 through Heaven's Gate, Quan Ba Twin Mountains and Fairy Bosom. We ended the day jumping in and chilling at Du Gia Waterfall before our hostel stay at Du Gia. Day 2 took us to Meo Vac, Ma Pi Leng panorama, Lung Cu border flag pole, and Dong Van French Fortress, and a great boat ride at Nho Que river after a loooong bumpy ride. We needed some massage before walking around the cute town of Dong Van. The last day was the longest (160 km, as compared to 130 km and 140 km on previous 2 days) so we sped through Yen Minh, through the century old Vuong Family’s Residence where we see the converging architecture of 3 cultures including Chinese, French and H’Mong Local Ethnic Minority; then the challenging 9 Turn Pass and test site for horses of Tham Ma Pass. We took the last route through A-Boong Waterfall before ending the loop with yet another sleeper bus back to Hanoi. The 6.0 hrs journey had to be shared by 2-pax-in-a-Pod and ended the ordeal at 2am. 

So after a quick laundry and shower, and a 2.0 hr nap, Im off to another 6.0 hours Van journey for my next leg, Cao Bang Loop (Ba Be & Ban Giok) starting on that 17th morning. The second half of the day got me to Keo Yen Panorama Point, Lung Luong Ammonites, and the Ho Chi Minh Caves. 

Day 2 of Cao Bang got me to God's Eye Mountain, exploring the Incense Making and Paper Making in Phja Thap village, and Doi Co Red Hill. We ended the day with Ban Giok Waterfall and check into my homestay at Ban Giok itself. We started Day 3 with a 20 mins walk to the entrance of Nguon Ngao Tiger Cave. It was a generally small cave and very well developed with wooden planks and artificial lights, a different experience than my Oxalis. Then we had a few stops at the Pagoda viewpoint to Ban Giok then a loooong 4 hours journey to Ba Be. I did express my interest to see the sunset but was only treated with laughter and dismissal of the idea. Everytime I put on the sunglasses, the guide would just laugh and point to the sun, "look sun set". There was a lot of time spent on having tea breaks and smoke breaks along the journey that day towards Ba Be Lake. I had the impression that we would have an overwater stay on Ba Be but turns out the lake was a distant away. The last day was spent on a long 3.0 hours boat trip on Ba Be Lake into Puong Cave, Den Ah Ma, and a Temple in the middle of the lake. Then, it was a 6.0 hours journey back to Hanoi. 

The arrival to Hanoi feels great, the feeling of being in a modern city once again. Did some quick shopping at a local designer shop, had Michelin Dinner at "The East", hunted chocolates from Maison Marou, tried to find the rare Laos Coffee Beans for DQ, and then had a Coffee Workshop the next day before my flight. 

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So above are the itineraries; now to my thoughts : 

1. Exploration and Appreciation of Nature Conservation

• Destinations Covered : Among the 3 loops, I was particularly impressed by the efforts to protect Tu Lan Caves, where levies and government controls have been implemented to preserve the natural environment. The caves are free from artificial lights and planks. Cave experts have trailed using the "firm natura rocks" and the dirt roads formed naturally by erosions and plant growths. 
• Observations: The competency and education of guides play a pivotal role in shaping the tourist experience. Oxalis guides, for instance, brought rich knowledge about rock formations, geography, and biodiversity, enhancing my understanding and appreciation of the area. In contrast, other touristy spots like Ninh Binh and Phong Nha still operate within a "have fun, take photos, buy souvenirs" framework.
• Reflections on Sustainable Tourism: This disparity made me question the real impact of tourism on the local economy. Do UNESCO World Heritage sites truly uplift communities, or is the intense competition among vendors only marginally improving livelihoods? Tourism has become a significant sector in Vietnam's economy, with an expected contribution of over 6.4% to the GDP by 2024. But I'm wondering if this benefits the city operators more than the rural ones. Yet some studies have shown that gentrifying is the only way for preservation. So it might be a balance act. Studies indicate that tourists visiting UNESCO sites like Hoi An are willing to pay an average of USD $15 per person for conservation efforts, nearly seven times greater than the willingness to pay by local residents.

2. Experiencing Ha Giang and Cao Bang

• Motorbiking Loops : Ha Giang and Cao Bang offered scenic motorbiking loops, but the experience fell short due to language barriers and the guides' lack of technical knowledge or curiosity. Unlike the Oxalis guides, the guides here could not explain critical historical or cultural aspects, such as The formation of phenomena like the "God’s Eye"; Ho Chi Minh's legacy and the socio-political context of his time; The livelihood systems of mountain villagers and how they sustain their communities, whether there is a guild system and wealth distribution system to ensure livelihood for every household since they are all engaging in the same occupation, same produce, to be sold in same clients. Imagine a curated tour that included Educational Materials about Ho Chi Minh's timeline and ideology on the route, to learn about this inspirations, his education, and the evolution of his political views pre and post "cave" stay. 

• Lost Potential for Depth : While the loops have been categorized into themes like "Trail of History and Freedom" or "Transformation of Mountains Trail," these narratives aren't effectively conveyed during the journey. This disconnect detracts from the overall experience. I had to rely on the Tourism Board's plagues to understand the link and context. The Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (VNAT) has actively developed thematic travel routes that leverage the nation's cultural and natural assets .Historians and Cultural Scholars are consulted to design routes that accurately represent Vietnam's history and culture, yet the Tourism Operators and Infrastructure Investors are probably only concerned with profit thus this dissonance.

3. Homestay Culture and the "Happy Water" Routine

• Evening Dynamics : In the evenings, at the homestays, a repetitive pattern emerged. After dinner, guides and riders initiated a drinking session, labeled as a cultural tradition of "Happy Water" consumption. This included pre-dinner drinks, group drinks, and personal invitations to drink by riders, and courtesy drinks when other riders or guests come to our table, and when the host comes to the table. Initially, it felt authentic, but over time, it seemed more like a manufactured experience to create a false sense of happiness for tourists. I feel that they are trying to cover their inadequate knowledge and language proficiency by intentionally inducing dopamine via alcohol to make tourists feel "happy" about the tour experience. This backfired on people like me that dont enjoy drinking to that extent, and also some elderly folks I met during the 2 loops who tend to be more critical about the itinerary and confused about what they are looking at. Most of them are just happy to be in the midst of these geographical parks, so they are easily satisfied by the location itself. I feel that it is also the lack of meaningful night activities (due to the remoteness and limited infrastructure) that led to an over-reliance on drinking culture as the default entertainment. While I appreciate the effort to engage tourists, this routine felt forced and lacked authenticity.

4. Cao Bang Loop – A Disappointing Experience

• Challenges with the Guide: The guide on the Cao Bang loop was, unfortunately, the least competent. His limited proficiency in English made communication extremely difficult, and repetitive, juvenile jokes added to the frustration. The guide's constant jokes about hills being metaphor of breasts and teaching random phrases he claimed to mean "hello" under the guise of cultural immersion were unprofessional and made the experience uncomfortable, in fact. I could not have a proper conversation with any locals at all. 
• Poor Time Management: Requests to see sunsets at Ba Be Lake were ignored due to delays caused by smoking breaks, tea stops, and other inefficiencies. Despite having ample time, poor planning meant missing sunsets—one of the simplest joys of such a trip. The experience felt like a missed opportunity for meaningful exploration. And the guide would just joke every day, "look, sun!", during day time, and repeat for 20 times a day. It becomes irritating. 

5. Broader Reflections on Tourism in North Vietnam

• Tourist Experience vs. Authenticity: There’s a stark difference between locations like Tu Lan, which prioritize education and preservation, and others that focus on mass tourism without considering long-term impacts. Due to the competency of guides, I guess it would be helpful, though compromising on authenticity, to establish some kind of interactive exhibit with translations at key points along the routes to engage tourists and provide a deeper understanding of the historical significance.
• Guides’ Role: The guides are critical in creating a meaningful experience. Those with technical knowledge and curiosity elevate the journey, while those lacking these skills diminish it. While some guides have badges, some do not, I feel that the enforcement are lacking in this sense, therefore this would jeopardise the tourist experience. Even with badges, I would also assume the quality of guides, some with more personal curiosity and seeking improvements, some just want a routine and quick bucks. 
• Over-reliance on "Happy Water": The repeated emphasis on drinking as a cultural norm reflects a gap in providing authentic, enriching experiences, despite them having 53 Ethnic Tribes with unique sets of traditions, languages, and ways of life. 
• There was a stark difference in treatment as most people assumed me to be local Vietnamese, so their first engagement is always loud and rude, "WHERE YOU GOING?!", "WHERE YOUR GUESTS?!", "WHAT THE HELL ARE YOU WAITING FOR?!" in their Vietnamese, but then a 180 degrees change in tone when I say I aint a local and then the guide would laugh and say "Bai Nuh" hahhahas, I feel that he is just covering for the default aggression towards their own local people. This extents beyond the loops, but also during the train ride into Hanoi, most countryside folks always adopt this fierce sharp unfriendly tone talking to me when they assume I'm a local. My grandma used to say "乡下佬" means uncivilized, but its literal translation was "village folks". I had never understood the reasoning because I thought, "what's wrong with villagers?" until I go china villages and vietnam villages....... I see the differences now. 

Conclusion

This trip highlighted the potential for sustainable tourism in North Vietnam but also exposed significant gaps in execution, especially in terms of guide training, authenticity, and the balance between tourism and preservation. While certain sites have made commendable strides, others need to reconsider their approach to ensure that both tourists and local communities truly benefit.

July 2024 : Europe Rhine River Trip (Switzerland > France > Netherlands > Germany)

 Introduction to My Journey

My recent travels through Europe took me across a tapestry of cities, each with its unique charm, economic drivers, and cultural nuances. From the picturesque landscapes of Switzerland and France to the historical richness of Germany and the vibrant canals of the Netherlands, I witnessed how history, art, and modernity converge in these captivating locales. Each city tells its own story, shaped by centuries of tradition, innovation, and community spirit. This was a month long trip, fulfilling my mum's wish to be on the Rhine towards Amsterdam. 

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Basel, Switzerland

Nestled at the borders of Switzerland, France, and Germany, Basel is renowned for its vibrant cultural scene, anchored by the Rhine River. The city thrives on its pharmaceutical and life sciences industries, with major corporations like Novartis and Roche calling it home. Basel’s rich cultural heritage is reflected in its numerous museums, including the famed Kunstmuseum, which showcases masterpieces from the Renaissance to contemporary art.

Colmar, France

Colmar, often described as a fairytale town, boasts colorful half-timbered houses and winding canals. Its economy is largely driven by tourism, wine production, and agriculture, particularly the Alsace wines that flourish in this region. Colmar's unique culture is characterized by its blend of French and German influences, evident in its architecture, cuisine, and festive traditions, including the enchanting Christmas market.

Lucerne, Switzerland

Lucerne is a stunning city known for its breathtaking lake and mountain backdrop. It was first documented in 1178, and historical practices involved placing sticks in the ground prior to construction to ensure no complaints arose. The city operates with a tax rate ranging from 10% to 40% and an average rental cost of about $2,000. With a minimum wage of approximately $4,000, Lucerne's economy primarily relies on tourism and hospitality, attracting visitors to its historical sites like the Chapel Bridge and Water Tower. The city is also famous for its cultural events, including the annual Lucerne Festival.

Architectural Highlights
Lucerne showcases stunning Gothic architecture, including the work of Jacob van Thienen, who contributed to the construction of the building in 1402, and Jan van Ruysbroeck, whose flamboyant Gothic style is exemplified by the 96-meter tower featuring Saint Michael slaying a demon, completed around 1455. A unique aspect of Lucerne’s culture is its connection to chocolate; the region is home to some of the finest chocolate producers, with Peru supplying about 92% of the world’s chocolate.

Cultural Significance
Among the notable historical figures associated with the region is Henry the Lion, who played a pivotal role in shaping the medieval landscape of Hamburg and beyond. This era also highlights the importance of salt, referred to as "white gold," which was crucial for preservation and trade. In Salzburg, the term "Freiyzen" relates to the sun (solarium), which is tied to the etymology of salary, stemming from the value of salt in antiquity.

The city is also home to significant religious architecture, such as St. Peter’s Church, symbolizing the monastic traditions that pervaded the region. Lucerne features a unique "Women’s Church" that holds a narrative deep in its design. Unlike typical churches, it has no windows and showcases double pillars, creating a solemn atmosphere.

Breisach, Germany

Breisach, perched on the banks of the Rhine, serves as a gateway to the beautiful Black Forest. The local economy is centered on agriculture and tourism, attracting visitors to its scenic vineyards and historical sites, including the impressive St. Stephen's Cathedral. Breisach’s charm lies in its picturesque landscapes and quaint streets, reminiscent of a bygone era.

Strasbourg, France

Strasbourg, the seat of the European Parliament, is a city of political significance and cultural richness. Its economy benefits from a mix of tourism, agriculture, and services. The city's unique blend of French and German cultures is epitomized in its stunning Gothic cathedral and the charming canals of La Petite France. Strasbourg is also famous for its culinary delights, particularly tarte flambée and Alsace wines.

Ludwigshafen, Germany

As a significant industrial city in Germany, Ludwigshafen is home to BASF, one of the largest chemical companies in the world. Its economy is predominantly driven by the chemical and manufacturing industries. Despite its industrial focus, the city offers green spaces and cultural venues, reflecting a commitment to enhancing the quality of life for its residents.

Rüdesheim, Germany

Rüdesheim, located along the romantic Rhine River, is renowned for its wine production and picturesque vineyards. The local economy thrives on tourism, particularly from visitors exploring the Rhine Valley's castles and wineries. Rüdesheim's rich cultural heritage is showcased in its quaint streets, wine taverns, and the famous Drosselgasse, where traditional music fills the air.

Düsseldorf, Germany

Düsseldorf, known for its fashion and trade fairs, is a vibrant city with a strong economy centered around telecommunications, advertising, and fashion industries. The city’s unique culture is reflected in its art scene, with numerous galleries and museums, as well as its lively carnival celebrations. The picturesque Rhine promenade offers a blend of modern architecture and historical charm.

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Amsterdam, Netherlands

Amsterdam, with its iconic canals and vibrant arts scene, is a city that embodies creativity and tolerance. I learned that the ground level fluctuates from 7 meters to 13 meters above sea level. Its economy is driven by tourism, finance, and technology, making it a hub for innovation. The city's rich cultural heritage is reflected in its world-class museums, such as the Rijksmuseum and Van Gogh Museum, as well as its diverse neighborhoods that celebrate inclusivity and artistic expression. Known as the "Jerusalem of the West, used to be a place where Jews community gathers, but unfortunately became the site of genocide too, thus the plagues to show known jews residents all throughout the city. 

Insights from Amsterdam

Amsterdam is a city that thrives on creativity and history, epitomized by the works of Vincent van Gogh. His life and art evolved dramatically throughout his career, marked by passionate experimentation and profound emotional struggles. Van Gogh's early works, influenced by the Dutch landscape and peasant life, reflect a somber palette. However, after moving to Paris, his style transformed as he embraced the vibrant colors and techniques of the Impressionists. His relationship with his brother, Theo, was pivotal; Theo’s unwavering support provided Vincent with both financial assistance and emotional grounding. This bond allowed Van Gogh to pursue his artistic vision, ultimately leading to masterpieces like "The Starry Night" and "Sunflowers," which convey the depth of his inner turmoil and aspirations.

Amsterdam’s progressive views are starkly contrasted with the realities of its prostitution sector, which has roots in the city’s history of tolerance. The Red Light District, where sex work is legalized (up to 40 customers daily), reflects a complex narrative of empowerment and exploitation. While the city embraces a liberal attitude, many sex workers face significant challenges, including safety concerns and societal stigma. Their rooms were rented by individuals thus no mamasan, but equipped with sos buttons for their neighbours to help and police would patrol at the end of these streets for safety too. The origins of this tolerance stem from Amsterdam's history as a trading hub, where diverse practices were often accepted in exchange for economic gain.

Urban systems in Amsterdam are characterized by a delicate balance between tourism and local life. The influx of tourists has driven some locals out of central areas, leading to a shift towards neighborhoods like Jordaan. The rising cost of living has exacerbated this issue, creating a divide between those who can afford to remain in the city and those who cannot.

Zaanse Schans, Netherlands

Zaanse Schans is a living museum that showcases traditional Dutch life, characterized by its iconic windmills and historic wooden houses. The local economy thrives on tourism, attracting visitors keen to experience Dutch culture and craftsmanship firsthand. The unique atmosphere, complete with artisanal cheese and clogs, offers a glimpse into the Netherlands' rich maritime heritage.

Brussels, Belgium

Brussels, the heart of Europe, is known for its political significance and cultural diversity. The economy is fueled by the European Union institutions, tourism, and chocolate production. Brussels boasts a unique culture, reflected in its stunning architecture, from the Gothic grandeur of the Grand Place to the Art Nouveau masterpieces scattered throughout the city. The city's culinary scene, featuring waffles, chocolates, and beer, is equally noteworthy.

Brussels, the capital of Belgium and the European Union, is known for its rich history and vibrant culture. The standard of living is relatively high, but like many urban centers, it grapples with issues such as crime and social disparities. The sentiment towards international arrivals is mixed; while many locals appreciate the cultural diversity they bring, concerns about rising living costs and changes to neighborhood dynamics persist.

A notable highlight of Brussels' culture is the famous Manneken Pis, a small bronze statue of a urinating boy, which has become a symbol of the city’s irreverent humor. The origin of the statue is steeped in legend, and it is celebrated through various festivals, including the Brouwerijfeest (Brewer's Festival), which showcases the city’s rich brewing tradition. During this festival, local brewers present their creations, some of which are humorously inspired by the statue itself. This annual celebration highlights the significance of beer in Belgian culture and the joy of community gathering.

Brussels’ vibrant festivals and culinary delights—like the world-famous chocolates and waffles—are complemented by its unique ability to blend the old with the new, making it a remarkable destination in its own right.

Munich, Germany

Munich, the capital of Bavaria, is a city where tradition meets modernity, renowned for its beer culture and vibrant arts scene. The city's economy is diverse, with strong sectors in technology, finance, and automotive industries. Munich's unique culture combines traditional Bavarian customs with contemporary influences, evident in its lively beer gardens, historical sites, and dynamic nightlife.

Cooper Dance at the Bell Tower. At the Munich bell tower, the tradition of the Cooper Dance captivates visitors. From 2019 to 2026, this lively performance illustrates the art of coopering—crafting barrels—which historically played a crucial role in the region’s brewing industry. The dance is a festive reenactment featuring jousting and clashes that represent the historical rivalry between Bavaria and Austria, showcasing the cultural heritage that thrives in this vibrant city.

During my time in Munich, I had the pleasure of participating in BladeNight Munich, a monthly event where enthusiasts roller skate for 14 kilometers around the city. This exhilarating experience allowed me to see the city from a fresh perspective, gliding through its streets while immersing myself in the local subculture. The camaraderie among participants was palpable, creating a sense of community and shared joy.

I also ventured into the heart of Bavarian culture at a Bavarian Carnival. The atmosphere was electric as I danced and grooved along with fellow revelers, their smiles and comments on my jovial mood enhancing the festive spirit. It was a liberating experience, celebrating life in the midst of laughter and merriment.

My exploration of Munich’s nightlife led me to Bahnwater Viel, an alternative club scene that showcases the city’s creative spirit. This unique venue was born from the vision of a group of teenagers who transformed scrap vehicles and shipping containers into a sprawling club. The techno beats pulsated through the air, drawing in a diverse crowd eager to dance the night away.

Nearby, I stumbled upon an abandoned ship on a bridge that houses eight dining venues (Alte Utting). The concept of dining in such a distinctive location is simply fascinating, blending culinary delights with an unconventional atmosphere.

Munich is more than just a city; it is a vibrant tapestry woven from tradition, innovation, and a celebration of life, making it a truly memorable part of my European journey.

Augsburg, Germany

Augsburg, one of Germany's oldest cities, boasts a rich history and a thriving economy centered around manufacturing and trade. The city's unique culture is marked by the influence of the Fugger family, who shaped the city’s development in the Renaissance. The city's stunning architecture, including the Augsburger Puppenkiste marionette theater, highlights its cultural significance.

Neuschwanstein, Germany

Neuschwanstein Castle, nestled in the Bavarian Alps, is a symbol of romantic architecture and one of Germany's most visited attractions. The local economy relies heavily on tourism, drawing visitors captivated by the castle's fairytale charm and stunning landscapes. The unique culture surrounding the castle is steeped in the legend of King Ludwig II, whose vision inspired its construction.

Würzburg, Germany

Würzburg, known for its vineyards and Baroque architecture, is a city rich in history and culture. The local economy is driven by wine production and tourism, particularly in the wine-growing region of Franconia. The Residenz, a UNESCO World Heritage site, exemplifies the city's architectural beauty and cultural significance.

Bamberg, Germany

Bamberg, with its UNESCO-listed Old Town, is renowned for its preserved medieval architecture and traditional brewing culture. The local economy thrives on tourism, driven by the city’s rich history and cultural festivals. Bamberg’s unique charm is evident in its winding streets, scenic canals, and vibrant markets.

Nuremberg, Germany

Nuremberg, famous for its historical significance during the Nazi regime, has a rich cultural heritage that includes the iconic Nuremberg Castle. The local economy is supported by manufacturing and technology sectors. Nuremberg’s unique culture is reflected in its annual Christmas market and culinary specialties like Nuremberg sausages.

Regensburg, Germany

Regensburg, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is celebrated for its well-preserved medieval architecture and vibrant student population. The economy is driven by trade, education, and tourism. Regensburg’s unique culture is marked by its rich history, evident in its stunning stone bridge and the vibrant atmosphere of its old town.

Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

Garmisch-Partenkirchen, a picturesque alpine town, is a hub for winter sports and outdoor activities. The local economy thrives on tourism, particularly in skiing and hiking. The unique culture of this region reflects a blend of Bavarian traditions and outdoor

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Reflections on My European Journey

After participating in 13 walking tours, 5 food tours, and 5 bike tours, I gathered invaluable insights into the nature of tourism and the vibrant cultures I encountered throughout Europe. Here are some key takeaways from my experiences:

1. Flexibility: The tourism business thrives on adaptability. Guides often face last-minute changes, lost guests, and diverse dietary needs. For instance, on a food tour, I witnessed a situation where a vegan guest had not informed the guide beforehand. In response, the guide simply remarked, "You know you signed up for a food tour; I’ll try my best, but no promises." This highlights the constant juggling act guides perform to accommodate everyone while ensuring a positive experience.

2. Stereotyping: Guides often admit to forming assumptions about guests to enhance their experience. One guide explained, "Yes, we stereotype guests, but they are customers, so we have to think of ways to make you enjoy the tour better." This acknowledgment raises questions about our initial perceptions of guests. It reminded me that, at its core, tourism is a human-centered business, requiring empathy and understanding from all parties involved.

3. Experience: The essence of travel is to have a good time. Many briefings were concise, focusing on delivering essential information when necessary, as guides believed that participants would forget lengthy explanations. However, accidents do happen; I observed moments where wheels got stuck on tram rails or cyclists accidentally knocked into participants who ventured into bike lanes. When guests got lost, guides were always prepared to coordinate a meet-up, showcasing their commitment to ensuring everyone felt secure and engaged.

4. Optionals: Many tours included optional activities, such as entrance fees for castles, boat rides, or museums. Guests who opted out had the freedom to explore on their own for a short period, allowing for personalized experiences. This flexibility fosters a sense of autonomy for travelers and enhances their overall journey.

5. Work Environment: Most full-time guides possess the necessary licenses and often have backgrounds in other fields, such as office jobs or the arts. Typically, they handle groups of 40 to 60 participants for walking tours, up to 20 for food tours, and around 10 to 20 for bike tours. Many guides work 4 to 5 days a week, despite the business operating 7 days a week. This balance allows them to maintain their passion for guiding while managing the demands of their profession.

Through these experiences, I gained a deeper appreciation for the intricate dance of culture, history, and hospitality that defines Europe’s vibrant cities. The insights I collected not only enriched my understanding of the tourism industry but also left me with lasting memories of the people and places I encountered along the way.  

Alfred de Musset: "A walk along the banks of the Rhine is a journey through the poetry of the land."

May 2024: Central Asia

Discoveries in Central Asia: A Journey Through Time and Culture

As I traversed the diverse landscapes of Central Asia, I delved into the rich historical tapestry of Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, where the echoes of ancient tribes and modern aspirations intertwine.

Kyrgyzstan: The Heart of Nomadic Culture

Post-Independence Journey
Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the Soviet Union on August 31, 1991, embarking on a challenging path marked by economic instability and political upheaval. Transitioning from a socialist to a market economy, the privatization of communal land created opportunities for some, yet left many struggling with the loss of guaranteed employment and social safety nets. After the collapse of the USSR, adaptation was not easy. State lands from the socialist system were often distributed to local chiefs, leading to unequal access to resources. Some individuals received land with little to no prior claim, turning it into valuable assets, while others faced hardship. The inflation was erratic, with values fluctuating wildly—ten football fields worth of land could lose half its value by the end of the week. In desperation, some doctors resorted to selling medicines on the streets to make ends meet.

A Night Under the Stars: Living in a Yurt
After a long drive, we arrived at our yurt camp near Songkul Lake, known as the Nomad's Paradise. Surrounded by wildflowers, we experienced life in a traditional yurt, constructed without nails and designed for portability. Remarkably, this structure can be assembled in just nine minutes, yet requires a month of preparation, embodying the nomadic spirit of Kyrgyzstan.

Traditional Games and Cultural Identity
Kok-boru, a traditional equestrian game, showcases the rugged spirit of the Kyrgyz people, where teams compete to carry a sheep carcass to victory. Similarly, eagle hunting emphasizes the bond between humans and nature, with trained eagles released back into the wild after years of companionship.

Natural Wonders and Historical Landmarks

• Burana Tower: A relic of the ancient city of Balasagun, this minaret is part of the Jami Mosque, built by the first Islamic Turkic dynasty, the Karakhanids. A lantern bearer once guided caravans from the top of the tower. Legend has it that a princess was housed there after a soothsayer predicted she would die from the bite of a karakurt (black spider). Despite stringent checks, she tragically met her fate from a spider hidden in grapes brought to her on her sixteenth birthday.
• Ala-Archa National Park: Nestled in the Tianshan Mountains, this park offers breathtaking alpine views and pristine hiking trails.
• Jet-Oguz Canyon: Known as Heartbreak Mountain, it beckons with poetic names for its waterfalls, inviting exploration and reflection.

The Dungan Mosque in Karakol, a remarkable structure built without nails, tells the story of a community seeking refuge from violence, showcasing unique architectural beauty. The Trinity Orthodox Church, surviving the tumult of the Soviet era, stands as a symbol of resilience and restoration.

Kazakhstan: A Tapestry of History and Modernity

Chronological Journey through Kazakhstan's History

• 3rd Century BCE: The Saka tribes inhabit the region, laying the foundation for early nomadic societies.
• 552-744 CE: The Turkic Khaganate rises, infusing the land with Turkic culture.
• 9th-10th Century CE: The seeds of Islam begin to take root among Kazakh tribes.
• 1219-1221: Genghis Khan's Mongol invasion leaves an indelible mark on the region.
• 1465: The Kazakh Khanate is established, heralding the dawn of Kazakh statehood.
• 1723-1730: The “Great Disaster” period sees the Kazakhs suffer devastating defeats from Dzungar invasions.
• 1731: Seeking protection, Kazakh leaders turn to the Russian Empire, marking the beginning of gradual integration.
• 1863-1895: The Russian Empire completes its conquest of Kazakh territories.
• 1917-1920: The Russian Revolution leads to the formation of the Autonomous Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.
• 1936: Kazakhstan is recognized as a full republic within the Soviet Union.
• 1941-1945: During World War II, Kazakhstan plays a crucial role in supporting the Soviet war effort.
• 1986: The Jeltoqsan uprising in Almaty marks significant protests against Soviet policies.
• 1991: Kazakhstan boldly declares independence on December 16.
• 1997: The capital moves from Almaty to Astana (now Nur-Sultan).
• 2019: After nearly three decades in power, Nursultan Nazarbayev resigns; Kassym-Jomart Tokayev becomes president.
• 2022: January unrest leads to large-scale protests and significant political change.

Urban Systems and Planning in Almaty

1. Accessibility: Almaty boasts a well-developed transportation system, featuring a metro, buses, trams, and a walkable urban landscape, allowing smooth travel.
2. Culinary Diversity: With over 100 ethnic groups, Almaty's food scene reflects a vibrant mix of cultures, offering authentic flavors and unique fusion dishes.
3. Modernity Meets Nature: The city harmoniously blends contemporary infrastructure with stunning natural landscapes, though air quality can suffer due to its geographical basin.
4. Community Engagement: Known for their friendliness, the people of Almaty foster a vibrant atmosphere, often engaging in the gig economy and utilizing technology to bridge communication gaps.

Uzbekistan: A Jewel of the Silk Road

The Silk Road Heritage
Uzbekistan was one of the most important stops on the Silk Road, with a silk heritage dating back nearly two thousand years. Between 100 and 200 AD, samples of Chinese silk began to appear in Uzbekistan, and by 500-600 AD, the region was producing its own silk fabrics. This flourishing trade along the Silk Road connected merchants and travelers from Turkey to China, solidifying Uzbekistan's central role in this vital trade route.

Exploring Tashkent
In Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan, lies one of Islam's most sacred relics—the world's oldest Koran from the 7th century, inscribed on deerskin. Our guide led us to the Hazrati Imam complex, where the Koran’s journey is steeped in history, revealing the profound role Central Asia once played in Muslim heritage—a narrative often overshadowed by decades of Soviet atheism.

The Mausoleum of Kaffal Shashi honors Imam Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Ismail al-Kaffal ash-Shashi, a revered figure in Islamic history, encapsulating the architectural beauty and spiritual significance of the region.

A Tapestry of Architectural Marvels
In Bukhara, I wandered through the Historic Centre, a UNESCO World Heritage site that embodies the spirit of the Silk Road. The 40 Pillars Mosque (Reflection), Ark Fortress, Kalon Complex, and Chorsu Bazaar spoke volumes of the city’s rich past. The Sightseeing Bus Tour offered a quick summary, while the intricate details of each landmark revealed stories of resilience and artistry.

No other city in Uzbekistan captures the essence of the Silk Road quite like Samarkand. Known as the Crossroad of Cultures, it dazzled with stunning architecture and vibrant culture. While the grandeur of its buildings can sometimes blur together, understanding their historical contexts illuminates their significance.

In Tashkent, a self-guided walking tour unveiled the capital's evolution. Settled between the 5th and 3rd centuries BCE, Tashkent has endured destruction and renewal. Under Genghis Khan, the city was ravaged in 1219, only to rise again, benefiting from its position along the Silk Road. During Amir Timur’s reign, it flourished, becoming part of a vast empire. The city’s metamorphosis continued through Russian conquest and Soviet reconstruction, transforming into a model city of wide streets and monumental squares.

The Tashkent Metro, launched as the seventh underground railway in the former USSR, is renowned for its stunningly decorated stations, making it one of Central Asia's most picturesque transit systems. The city is also home to rich museums, including the Temurid History Museum and the State Museum of History of Uzbekistan, which houses rare artifacts reflecting the region’s multifaceted history.

Tajikistan: A Land of Natural Beauty and Rich Culture

In Tajikistan, my journey revealed stunning landscapes and deep-rooted traditions. The majestic Fann Mountains, with their towering peaks and azure lakes, offered breathtaking vistas that felt almost otherworldly.

Cultural Heritage
The people of Tajikistan are known for their hospitality and warmth, welcoming visitors with open arms. Traditional music and dance reflect a vibrant cultural identity, with the shashmaqom—a form of classical music—capturing the essence of Tajik culture.

Historical Landmarks
In Dushanbe, Tajikistan’s capital, I explored the National Museum of Tajikistan, which showcases the country’s rich history and cultural artifacts. The towering Ismaili Centre, a modern architectural marvel, symbolizes the nation’s commitment to education and cultural exchange.

Conclusion

My journey through Central Asia unfolded as a rich narrative of cultural heritage, resilience, and natural beauty. Each experience deepened my understanding of the region's complexities and the enduring spirit of its people, inspiring me to reflect on the threads that weave our shared human experience. Rumi: "The wound is the place where the Light enters you."

March 2024: Sydney and New Zealand

As I wandered through the vibrant landscapes of Australia and New Zealand, a tapestry of history unfurled before me, rich with the legacies of its ancient peoples. The echoes of time revealed a land shaped by:

• Aboriginal Influence: Spanning 50,000 years, these first inhabitants left an indelible mark on the land.
• Garrigarrang Influence: In the coastal heart of Sydney, the “sea people” thrived, weaving their existence with the rhythm of the ocean.
• Polynesian Influence: From around 1000 AD, skilled navigators traversed the waters, their exchanges enriching the cultural fabric of the region.
• Wonsolwara Influence: A concept that encapsulates the connections among Pacific Islands, reflecting shared knowledge that seeped into Aboriginal cultures.
• New Zealand Māori: While direct contact with Aboriginal peoples remains undocumented, the Māori, as part of the Polynesian diaspora, contributed to the region’s cultural evolution through their remarkable navigational prowess.

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The Blue Mountains, their namesake born from the ethereal blue haze of eucalyptus forests, cradle Indigenous stories woven into the land’s essence, preserved through the Dreamtime tales of the Darug and Gundungurra peoples.

In New Zealand, Milford Sound beckons with its towering cliffs and cascading waterfalls, a testament to nature’s artistry. As I explored the enchanting Fiordland, Doubtful Sound, and Dusky Sound, I felt the weight of history, where Māori spirits linger amidst the mist, whispering tales of resilience and exploration.

Milford Sound is renowned for its towering Mitre Peak, cascading waterfalls, and sheer cliffs rising from the dark waters. It's often considered one of the most beautiful fjords in the world. It was formed by the erosion of glaciers over thousands of years, creating a deep, narrow inlet. The area was initially inhabited by the Māori people, and later explored by Europeans in the 19th century.

Naming: It was named Milford Sound by John Grono, a Welsh sealer, in 1812. He named it after Milford Haven in Wales.

Fiordland is characterized by its rugged coastline, deep fiords, and dense rainforests. It's a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a haven for hikers and nature enthusiasts. The region has a rich Māori history, with evidence of settlement dating back over 700 years. European exploration began in the 18th century, with Captain James Cook being one of the first to explore the area.

Doubtful Sound is a remote and serene fiord known for its untouched beauty, dense rainforests, and abundant wildlife. It's less visited than Milford Sound, offering a more secluded experience. Captain James Cook initially named the sound "Doubtful Harbour" in 1770 due to the uncertainty surrounding its navigability. It was later renamed Doubtful Sound.

Dusky Sound is characterized by its tranquil waters, lush forests, and secluded bays. It's one of the largest and most remote fiords in Fiordland National Park. It was first visited by Europeans in 1770 when Captain Cook and his crew anchored there for several weeks. It was later used as a whaling base and a site for scientific exploration. Captain Cook named it "Dusky Bay" due to the dark, shadowy appearance of the sound, particularly in bad weather.

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My Personal Odyssey

During my travels, I gathered insights that reshaped my worldview, although further exploration revealed the myopia in some of these observations.

1. Grease: Attending a musical in Sydney was a revelatory experience. As the final song played, the audience transformed into a collective spirit, dancing and singing in unison—an exuberance rarely witnessed in Singapore. Here, joy flowed freely, binding strangers together in a celebratory embrace.

2. Governance Observations: In comparison to Singapore's state induced engineering governance, Australia seemed to embody a more relaxed approach. There was a palpable mindfulness towards minorities, though it came with a sobering reality: visible homelessness. While the welfare system offers support, it inadvertently fosters dependency. Many, trapped in a cycle of limited employment opportunities, find themselves reliant on government assistance for basic survival.

3. Community Spirit: In the heart of Sydney, the integration of cultures was striking. In Chinatown and Thai Town, locals greeted me with Australian accents, a testament to harmonious coexistence. Yet, this made me reflect on Singapore’s expat communities, often isolated in their routines. While I initially celebrated the integration, a deeper look revealed enclaves of expats in Sydney who struggled with the language and connection. I stumbled upon a unique community garage in Newtown—a space where motorcycle enthusiasts gathered, fostering camaraderie and support among locals.

4. Graffiti Culture: A street art tour unveiled a vibrant underbelly of respect for urban artistry. Here, renowned artists commanded reverence for their work, safeguarded from interference. Violators faced public shaming, highlighting the community's investment in preserving artistic integrity.

5. Socialization at the Royal Easter Show: This grand spectacle showcased Australia’s agricultural richness, complete with thrilling carnival games and performances. From tent pegging to breathtaking motorbike stunts, the event was a delightful education in farming traditions, blending excitement and learning seamlessly.

6. An Identity Crisis: Amidst the culinary delights, I found myself grappling with the question of Australian identity. While food reflects a history of convicts and evolving cultures, I pondered the existence of a distinctly Australian cuisine. Beyond accents, what truly defines the Australian spirit? Is it an amalgamation of influences or something uniquely its own?

In the end, my journey through Sydney and New Zealand became not just a series of observations but a catalyst for introspection, challenging me to reconsider the narratives I held. The beauty of travel lies not only in the places we visit but in the revelations we encounter along the way.

T.S. Eliot: "We shall not cease from exploration, and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started and know the place for the first time."