The Singapore General Election has concluded, and many people are expressing vocal displeasure regarding the expected results. Here are my thoughts, coming from a naturalized citizen with quite a fair bit of traveling experience to other states, based on my interaction with the locals of the area, without doing much fact check but just a general sense of the situation : 

COMPARISON OF HOUSING SITUATION OF SELECTED CITIES 

Hong Kong Housing Situation : 

> Land Scarcity by Design : Only 7% of Hong Kong’s 1,100 km² land is developed into housing, despite plenty of undeveloped or underutilized land, the government controls land scarcity, because up to 50% of HK government revenue depends on land sales, leases, and related taxes. Politically, this follows a statist capitalist model: the state behaves like a corporate landlord, monopolizing land to extract maximum rent from private enterprise.

> Hyper-Capitalism and Inequality : Median wage in Hong Kong is around HKD $19,000/month (~USD $2,400), but property prices are wildly disproportionate, to purchase a modest 300 sqft unit, it costs HKD $3 million (~USD $380,000), renting even a basic private unit would cost HKD $8,000–$10,000/month, about half of an average worker’s salary, trapping many in a rent burden cycle (where >30% of income is spent on housing). This reflects "Global City Squeeze", where global capital inflates costs without matching local wage growth.

> Urban Solutions to the Housing Crisis : Rise of the Cage Homes, to afford a living space, many private home owners sublet their housing space by dividing into smaller compartments, some units contains up to five persons into 100 sqft "Cage Homes", caged in order to lock their personal belongings since your roommate are strangers, and yet this is still at about HKD $2,000/month.This is a legal arrangement as long as a living space is above 20 sqft. Similarly, a family may rent a full unit to be divided by wooden or cardboard divders thus the term Coffin Homes, where they eat, sleep, hang laundry, children studying, all in one of that 300 sqft unit. This loophole is a state-managed informal sector: the government tolerates micro-or-nano-apartments to reduce visible homelessness while avoiding expensive systemic reforms. As I visit the famous Yick Cheong Building ("Monster Building", where 10,000 people squeezed into aprroximately 15,000 square metres space, showcase extreme urban density and the phenomenon of "Dead Person Cosmetics" — cheap, quick renovation of crumbling buildings to resell or rent for profit. Since this is privatised, it is impossible to get residents to chip in for renovations and upgrades so the space is usually run down and in bad condition. Everyone wants to sell for profit, and many temporary tenants that dont care about conditions. Alot of singles use this for temporary houses. Apart from these solutions, some owners would do "Time Share", where spaces are fragmented into micro-dorms and hostel beds, for temporary residents or domestic workers. 

> Hidden Poverty : Officially, 25% of Hong Kong’s population lives under the poverty line, but you rarely see visible slums on streets due to government strategies like subdivided flats and rooftop settlements therefore "Rooftop Slums". This "invisible poverty" is a hallmark of neoliberal urban governance: the city prioritizes external image (global finance hub) over internal social welfare.

> Public Housing : Public Rental Housing is about half the private market price and offers three times more living space, however, only about 30% of Hong Kong residents live in public housing as the waiting times average 5 – 6 years. 

Seoul Housing Situation : 

> South Korea, another Asian Tiger Economy, has a different approach to housing. having 26 million population in the Greater Seoul Metropolitan Area of 600 square kilometres, the Korean government started building apartment blocks called apateu, 아파트.  Unique to Korea, "cheonse" is a rental model where tenants deposit a lump sum (50–80% of property value) instead of monthly rent. Landlords invest this deposit to earn returns. After 2 years, they return the deposit, which is KRW 450 – 700 million (USD $300–500K). 

> In response to severe affordability issues, the government implemented Price Caps on new apartments. This results in a shrinking housing supply because of the reduced incentive for Private Developers to build or even to maintain houses. Therefore those that got the "Lottery" of a new apateu would generally resale for much higher value therefore exacerbating disparity. Over time, demand outpaces supply, ironically raising prices elsewhere, or delaying the entry of young people into homeownership, therefore only half of the population gets home ownership. 

> An average home price of 1,000 square feet will cost about KRW900 million (USD$650,000), in comaprison to the average monthly salary of KRW3.5 million (USD$2,500), with a National Tax of 15% - 24% and an additional of 10% fixed Income Tax. 

Munich Housing Situation : 

> Munich, a popular destination and terms one of the most livable cities in Germany, of 1.5 million population in the 300 sqaure kilometres space, has 30% non locals, and 30% students too. It has an average monthly income of Euro $6,000, and a cost of Euro $800,000 for a 1,000 square feet apartments. Ownership is at 25% due to the high cost of housing prices, which drives 600,000 homelessness, in which half are supported by public services. Tax wise, this is too complicated for me to comprehend due to the different set of laws for many individualised criteria, but effective tax is at about 30%. 

> Wallerstein Core-Periphery logic explains Munich’s magnetic pull: As a “core city” in the global capitalist system, Munich extracts labor, capital, and talent from semi-peripheral regions (e.g., Eastern Europe, East Germany). Accumulation by Dispossession is visible when inner-city properties are bought by global investors; social housing stock is privatized or underfunded; and lower-income renters are displaced to peripheries. Ecological Differentiation therefore exist amongst the neighbourhoods. 

> Resistance to building new affordable housing is often driven by NIMBYism (Not In My Backyard) from existing homeowners. Therefore local policymakers cater to voting homeowners rather than non-owning renters, creating a democratic deadlock, meaning the priority is always on the "haves" and the "have-nots" are completely ignored. 

> Munich seems to me like a neoliberal city in a social democracy, caught between ideals and capital. It is a tech-focused global city competing for talent, but failing to house its essential workers.

Los Angeles Housing Situation : 

> Hollywood, Pop Culture, Palm Trees and Blue Skies, are the image of LA. LA city itself has about 4 million population in the 1,300 square kilometres space. With monthly average salary of USD$6000, and effective tax of 30%, houses are not as scarce as many Asian cities. With USD$1 million, you would expect a 2,000 to 3,000 square feet bungalows, and depending on the zones, the 50% of the city rents 1,000 square feet apartments at about USD $3,000 - USD $4,000. 

> I've learnt on my trip that large part of government revenue is actually Oil, then is Shipping and Aerospace, then Tourism and Entertainment, therefore Property, is not as significant (15%-ish). 

> There are unique laws to the city for example Zoning Laws (single-family zoning in 70% of LA). There are two main types of residential zones in Los Angeles: single-family zones and multi-family zones. In single-family zones, you can only build one house on the lot, no matter how big the lot is. Therefore most ownerships are on these Single Family Zoning, leaving the 30% of the land for Multi Family Zones where you can build apartments for rent. This translate to exlusive zones for different social stratification, becoming a "Polycentric Model" with multiple “cores” (e.g., Downtown, Westwood, Culver City). Los Angeles housing districts therefore reinforce racial and class hierarchies. 

> LA is a “global city”, attracting foreign investment (especially Chinese, Korean, and Gulf capital) in downtown condos and real estate. These investments often sit empty or drive speculation—unproductive assets create real-world displacement. 

> With more than 75,000 homeless, LA has the largest unsheltered population in the U.S, mostly at Skidrow. Efforts to combat homelessness include Inside Safe Program to transition individuals from encampments into interim housing, and Permanent Housing Placements to transition from interim housing to permanent housing, but this effort is slow as other states are "dumping" their homelessness into LA due to its favourable climate. Still, during winter, we saw the population burnign random items to keep warm in Skidrow. 

Sydney Housing Situation : 

> Greater Sydney spans 12,400 square kilometers for its 5.5 million population. It's average monthly income is at AUD$9000, in comparison to AUD1.2 million for a 2,500 square feet apartments, thus a 65% home ownership rate. 

> Sydney's urban landscape exhibits spatial stratification, with affluent populations concentrated in inner-city and coastal suburbs, while lower-income groups are increasingly pushed to peripheral areas. This pattern reflects broader ecological models where socio-economic status influences residential location and access to amenities.

> The liberalization of Australia's economy and the emphasis on market-driven policies have influenced urban development in Sydney. Deregulation and incentives for private developers have led to a surge in high-density housing projects, often prioritizing profitability over affordability and community needs.

> Most of the population lives 1.0 hour drive / metro / bus away from the CBD (Central Business District). Majority of the occupation centres around Healthcare, Tech, and Finances. There are high demand for Civil Engineers as their Minimum Wage model 

> Though Minimum Wage of AUD$25 per hour, most of the casual labour and F&B are shunned due to its low guaranteed hours of labour, thus income insecurity and limited potential for career growth. Therefore demand for Civil Engineers and Technical Trades such as Plumbing, Electrician and Constructions are higher in demand as the ageing population sees many seniors going into retirement. The gentrification on the areas around CBD also drives demand for these jobs. Sydney started apartment projects recently to prepare for global inbound migration. 

> Youths ages 16yo onwards for students and 22yo onwards for Job Seekers could seek Youth Allowance where the Sydney government provides about AUD$1,500 a month for education, apprenticeship, entry level work or training. To ease on Parental Burdens, many youths declare "Homelessness" status in order to enjoy access to Transitional Housing, shelters, or programs like Foyer Foundation for youth pursuing education. Homelessness services provide food vouchers, healthcare, transport cards, etc too. 

> Thus the viewpoint on “Homelessness” is not always about sleeping rough. It can be a fluid, constructed identity leveraged to access state resources — especially if you're couch-surfing, in unsafe housing, or institutionally estranged. Australia’s welfare model offers a modest safety net, but it's not luxurious. Most youth on Youth Allowance still struggle to afford rent, especially in Sydney. However, the symbolic security of the welfare state can make declaring homelessness less frightening than family dysfunction or precarity. Youth asserting their autonomy to live, learn, and be housed within the city is a claim to urban citizenship — even if they’re excluded from formal housing markets. This may sound like a reasonable solution, but these “youth gaming the system" would pressure poitician to reevaluate the benefits and supports in order to apease the Working Class Adults and the Elites where a large portio of their Taxes are to support these Youths. 

Then comes to our Nation's Singapore's Housing Strategy, in my opinion, is a unique solution that divides the responsibility between Government, Community and Individuals. It is not entirely a Welfare system (we do not need to as a status of port city) and not entirely Capitalistic either. 

Singapore - Housing Situation :

> Over 80% of Singaporeans live in HDB flats; 90% of households own their homes. CPF (Central Provident Fund) is used for housing, making homeownership accessible without needing liquid cash upfront. Public housing is heavily subsidized for first-time buyers, and ethnic quotas (Ethnic Integration Policy) promote racial harmony, avoiding ghettos and racial enclaves. The HDB is not for profit—it is part of a social policy, not a market. 

> One may argue on the rising cost of home ownership. This is true, but looking at the policies and how it fare against the rising median income, I feel its proportionate. The system achieved consistently, a Mortgage Servicing Ratio (MSR) of around 30% of household income. In 1980s when our Median Household Income is about SGD $1000, our monthly installment was SGD $300. In 2000s, it's $4,000 against $1,200. In 2020s, it's SGD$10,000 against $3,000. This is an estimate of a 4-room HDB across the years. Again, we encourage pro-family units to buy large and downsize on retirement, and with consideration of Grants such as EHG and Proximity Grants, this value may drop, understand it is a blindspot for some lifestyle chocies of non-procreation, but that's not a National Direction. Realistically, the installment period do extends, it is at approximately 20 years today as compared to 10 or 15 years in the past. 

> Land is scarce; the 99 years leasehold reflects the state’s view that housing is a right, not a wealth-building instrument. En bloc redevelopment allows renewal of aging estates and ensures continuous optimization of land use. This allows continuous renewal or urban spaces to keep up with new standards of facilities. The fear of decreating value to 0 for older estate persists, but in history, none of this had happened, most are put up for SERS, therefore sold back to governemnt with reasonable compensation based on buying price. Again, HDB is not for profit.

> Decentralized Urban Planning : Heartland Model : Based on the Concept Plan (1971, 1991, 2001) and the Master Plan, Singapore’s model ensures access to work, play, live and learn within towns (e.g., Tampines, Jurong, Punggol). Each HDB town has its own regional center, polyclinic, schools, malls, transport hub. This reduces congestion, fosters local community identity, and flattens class divides in space. This breaks away from Concentric Circles, thus there would be no stark "poor" or "elite" zones in residential areas (on exception on Private Foreign-Dominated Condominiums).

> If we look at housing in Singapore as a means for shelter for all, Singapore excels. But if you look at housing as a means for wealth acculumation or financial freedom, then Singapore housing system is not designed for this purpose, though many many many citizens try to game this by acquiring condominiums and renting for passive income or the buying and selling of HDB in speculation of potential area development.

> Singapore’s system prioritizes social cohesion, basic shelter security, and responsible state planning over short-term profits. It may not be emotionally or aesthetically ideal for everyone, but it does deliver on its promise: no one is left homeless, and most are not rent-dependent. We are all slaves to housing, globally. The difference is that in Singapore, you’re a slave to a dignified system, not to an unpredictable market or a landlord. 

Summary

Singapore’s Unique Governance Model : A Hybrid State Built on Pragmatism, Planning, and Purpose

(Note, this is purely based on my own personal opinion as a Singapore citizen having some background in Sociology and Political Science, should NOT be taken as absolute truth, fact checking is not done)

Since its independence in 1965, Singapore has charted a governance path that defies traditional political categorization. Officially a Republic, Singapore’s political and social architecture is a hybrid blend—melding elements from dictatorship, socialism, capitalism, democracy, communism, and military sovereignty, grounded firmly in pragmatic survival rather than ideological purity. This governance philosophy has been critical for Singapore’s resilience as a city-state with no natural resources, a small population, and constant external vulnerabilities.

1. The Republic Structure: Elections with Guardrails

At its core, Singapore is a Republic, where sovereignty resides with the people, exercised through regular elections and rule of law. Singapore’s political architecture reflects classical Sovereignty Theory—where supreme authority is vested in the state and exercised through institutions. Yet Singapore departs from pure Liberal Democracy: elections are free, but guarded by eligibility criteria for candidates to ensure only individuals of proven competence can contest top roles such as Ministers or President. This "meritocratic democracy with guardrails" ensures national leadership maintains global credibility and governing capacity, avoiding populist swings that have destabilized many democracies elsewhere. This model recognizes the Constructivist idea that political legitimacy is socially constructed — not simply through elections but through the perception of capacity, integrity, and service. While critics highlight "dictatorship tendencies" due to PAP's unbroken rule since 1965, Singapore’s long-term stability enabled Realist strategic planning such as the 1972 Concept Plan — ensuring the city-state could outlast regional turmoil, from Cold War threats to modern-day geopolitical shifts. Where many nations plan for election cycles, Singapore plans for generations.

2. The Socialist Elements: Security Through the CPF System

Singapore incorporates elements of socialism through the Central Provident Fund (CPF) — a mandatory savings system that secures housing, healthcare, and retirement needs for all citizens. Instead of welfare dependence, Singapore builds self-reliance through forced but personalized savings mechanisms. Citizens are shielded from destitution not by open-ended welfare transfers but by a structured and sustainable framework that promotes dignity and personal responsibility. This mirrors the Asian Developmental State (ADS) model, where social protections are not about handouts but about enabling productive citizenship — thereby reinforcing the social contract while avoiding fiscal unsustainability.

3. The Capitalist Core: Free Market Efficiency with State Macro-Intervention

Singapore remains one of the world’s freest economies (Liberalist) — boasting competitive markets, strong entrepreneurship, and open global trade. Yet, unlike laissez-faire capitalism, the state intervenes strategically at macro levels to redistribute wealth, regulate monopolies, and guide economic transformations. Urban Ecology Theory explains how Singapore nurtures high-density, globally connected hubs (e.g., CBD, Jurong) while managing urban competition and clustering, avoiding uncontrolled sprawl and fragmentation. From industrialization to biotechnology to fintech, Singapore’s economy is shaped by calibrated state intervention aimed at national strategic interests while allowing market forces to operate efficiently. This delicate dance between free-market dynamism and guided steering is central to Singapore’s success. Intervention comes in forms of : Correct inequality (e.g., Workfare), Maintain competitiveness (e.g., Industry Transformation Maps), and Build future industries (e.g., Smart Nation initiatives). In this, Singapore also aligns with Flying Geese Theory—not leading unilaterally but moving in formation with ASEAN and regional economies, adapting dynamically as global shifts occur.

4. Democratic Processes with Rational Control

Singapore exhibits Constructivist Realism in how it manages democracy: it holds regular elections but ensures that political participation preserves national strategic interests, rather than being a playground for populist cycles. Rather than populism, Singapore seeks leaders with policy foresight, ethical grounding, and national resilience. This guards against what Globalization Theory shows elsewhere: the rapid disillusionment and instability that come when populism overruns sound governance. In this model, democracy is not merely the right to choose anyone — but the responsibility to protect national coherence, especially for a small state facing constant external pressures (Neorealism).

5. Communist Echoes : Land Ownership and Urban Management

Singapore’s 90% state ownership of land resembles a communist model, but for practical, not ideological reasons. State land control enables urban revitalization, public housing equity, and prevention of generational land hoarding, critical in a nation where land is finite. Without such control, land use would fossilize around wealth elites—an unacceptable risk for a country with pressing housing, infrastructural, and economic needs. From an Urban Ecology perspective, this allows Singapore to regenerate urban spaces dynamically, maintaining environmental resilience and economic vibrancy—critical for a secondary nation-state without limited land, and could not reclaim any further in width (730sqkm), height (300m) nor depth (150m). 

6. Military Strength and Diplomatic Relevance

Singapore’s strong military (Total Defence doctrine) and shrewd diplomacy align with Realist theories about small-state survival. Understanding its geopolitical smallness, Singapore invests heavily in military deterrence (15%) through National Service and a well-equipped Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Diplomatically, Singapore pursues neutral, multilateral engagement, maintaining good relations across rival powers — a rare feat today. This "value proposition diplomacy" ensures Singapore remains indispensable, rather than disposable, in global power calculations (US, China, ASEAN, EU).

7. The Asian Developmental State 

Singapore exhibits the hallmarks of an Asian Developmental State (ADS), rejecting both Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI) dependency and Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) inwardness. Neither fully subscribing to free-market fundamentalism (Washington Consensus) nor state-socialist isolation, Singapore charts its own middle path — building capabilities systematically while ensuring fiscal prudence, openness, and strategic autonomy. This state-engineered modernization shows how institutional capacity, not market forces alone, drives long-term national success. In terms of Wallerstein's Globalisation, it operates as a semi-core city within the global capitalist system — intermediating trade, finance, and innovation flows between advanced economies and developing regions. Regional talent integration through ASEAN partnerships, EP schemes, and cross-border investments ensures Singapore remains vital in the shifting global network. Yet Singapore also guards against hyper-globalization risks by maintaining Financial Conservatism (50% of Returns of Investments), Domestic Resilience and Strategic Autonomy.

8. Urban Sociology Insights: Decentralization and Integration

In urban planning, Singapore avoids the classical "concentric model" seen in many global cities where wealth concentrates centrally. Instead, heartlands like Tampines, Woodlands, Jurong East were developed as decentralized regional hubs, distributing jobs, services, and amenities evenly across the island. HDB racial quotas, 3-Generational Estates, Community Centres, estate WhatsApp groups, and ethnic festivals enforce integration, sharing spaces and resources, nurturing a shared national identity rather than allowing urban segregation. This aligns with Constructivist Sociology : nationhood and solidarity are not natural—they are constructed and reinforced through daily practice and urban space design. Due to these macro-level planning, we are the 6th Blue Zone in the world too. 

9. Career Progression: Capitalist Meritocracy 

Career structures in Singapore are built upon a philosophy of capitalist meritocracy, where continuous self-improvement, competition, and performance-based advancement are not merely ideals but institutionalized norms. This system reflects a conscious national design: survival of the fittest is not left to chance but systematically cultivated through educational pathways, workforce reskilling initiatives, and societal expectations. From early education, the system emphasizes achievement, discipline, and effort into the Streaming and differentiated Education Tracks (e.g., subject-based banding, IP, DSA), therefore these are tailored opportunities based on ability and interests. Then, we move on to continuous adult learning frameworks like SkillsFuture ensure that workers, regardless of age, must remain adaptive. We practice Merit-Based promotion schemes in Civil Service and Corporate sectors reward quantifiable competence, not just seniority or patronage. In the Innovation sector, we nurtured Entrepreneurship ecosystems (like Startup SG, Enterprise Singapore, one-north BizPark) to recognise merit not only in employment but in risk-taking and innovation. Institutions and employers alike prioritize measurable excellence, future potential, and adaptability over fixed credentials or static entitlement. Without a system that ruthlessly rewards excellence and punishes complacency, Singapore would rapidly fall behind in global relevance, innovation, and growth. Thus, capitalist meritocracy is not a luxury for Singapore — it is a strategic imperative deeply embedded into national consciousness. In line with Constructivist Sociology, Singapore's national ideology constructs individual responsibility as a civic duty that Success or Failure is Personalized; and future is Self-Authored, within a system that removes many structural barriers but offers no unconditional safety nets for underperformance. 

10. Evaluating against Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological : affordable food, water, transport, cost of living

Safety : public security, job stability, healthcare, international military defence

Belonging : strong community networks

Esteem : career advancement, achievements

Self-Actualization : opportunities in arts, innovation, entrepreneurship

This creates a social mobility engine—allowing those who strive and innovate to ascend, while maintaining social security nets for those in need.

 A Decade of Me, Myself, and I : 

This year, on my big 30, or 29+1 as I want it to, would do a different kind of review, to go beyond the year, but to the decade. I compiled my life in 10 different themes below. If there’s one thing this decade has taught me, it’s that life is both messy and magical. It’s a paradox of growth and setbacks, of love and loss, of certainty and doubt. And through it all, I’ve come to realize that the journey matters more than the destination. Here’s to the next chapter, where the lessons continue and the story unfolds. Cheers to the beautiful chaos of being human. 🥂

1. Identity & Self-Acceptance

"The privilege of a lifetime is to become who you truly are." – Carl Jung

Then : Like most, I was searching for “me,” only to realize I didn’t even know what that meant. Identity felt like something fixed, something I was supposed to find and stick with. Fitting in meant survival, and being different felt risky. Ive explored Personality, Expression of Self, Cooley Looking Glass, Goffman Dramaturgical Self, Eastern Philophy of Self such as Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and Hinduism. 

Now : Identity is no longer a destination; it’s a journey. It’s fluid, shaped by experiences, relationships, and even failures. I’ve learned that it’s okay to shed old identities to make space for new ones. Who I was at 20 isn’t who I am at 30, and that’s how it should be. Identity isn’t a box to check; it’s a canvas. Keep painting, and don’t be afraid to mix new colors into the picture. but one thing for sure, I would love to appear to every single individuals around me, as a singular congruent version of myself, instead of a jigsaw puzzle at my end of life. 

2. Family Dynamics

"Family is not an important thing. It’s everything." – Michael J. Fox

Then : Family was a mix of comfort and chaos. I yearned for an idealized version of family — one that didn’t exist. The generational gap often felt like a canyon I couldn’t cross. I used to also lament the fact that I'm not a typical "Rich Indonesian Chinese Kid", and let's just say my family didnt have a good track record of wise financial decisions. Then songs like "漂向北方" and other literature made me realise the courage of migration and I truly admired that. It is never easy to let go of familiarity to be on a foreign land, to rebuilt life itself. And I'm happy, in their own ways, they have shown growth in various ways including digital, and displayed their never waivering support for me. 

Now : I’ve come to see family as both my grounding and my challenge. I’ve learned to set boundaries while appreciating the love and sacrifices my family has made. It’s about meeting them where they are, not where I wish they’d be. Family isn’t perfect, but it’s home. Balance gratitude with boundaries, and strive for understanding over judgment. I remember the time I was in Hong Kong and on my playlist was "We Are One". As you go through life you'll see, there is so much that we don't understand, And the only thing we know, is things don't always go the way we planned, But you'll see every day that we'll never turn away, When it seems all your dreams come undone, We will stand by your side, Filled with hope and filled with pride, We are more than we are,

We are One.

3. Friendship & Connection

"In the sweetness of friendship let there be laughter, and sharing of pleasures. For in the dew of little things the heart finds its morning and is refreshed." – Kahlil Gibran

Then : Friendship felt like a lifeline. I wanted to hold on to every bond, to keep every laugh and every shared memory alive forever. I wanted friendships that do everything together, share the same interests together, but I realised that's impossible, even for myself. But I also experienced the heartbreak of drifting apart, realizing not all friendships were built to last. And due to life trajectory, some friendships do drift apart, and it's alright. It takes mutual respect, mutual effort, to make it work. This would also mean, there's such thing as "Low Maintanence Friends", someone who celebrates your milestone, and remembers every part of you, even if you don't have to meet often. 

Now : Friendship is no longer about quantity but quality. I’ve come to appreciate the ebb and flow of relationships—some friends are seasonal, some situational, and a few become soul-deep connections. Effort and reciprocity are my markers now. A true friend doesn’t just share your joy without judgement and jealousy but also shows up in your storms initiated and sincere. Cherish those who stand by you, not just when it’s convenient but when it’s hard. Be the friend you’d want to have. Learnt this through many media too, movie films, theatre plays, fictional and non-fictional stories. 

4. Career & Purpose

"Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life." – Confucius

Then : Work was a chore — a way to earn, to survive, to “be productive.” It felt transactional, and often, I wasn’t sure if what I was doing even mattered. Coupled with Sociology of Work, the functional perspectives and conflict perspectives of work, power stuggles, navigating office politics, facades, all these were daunting to me. 

Now : Career has taken on a deeper meaning. It’s become a platform to create, to impact, and to leave a mark. While titles and paychecks matter to some extent, what drives me now is alignment: Does this work align with my values? Am I growing? Am I contributing meaningfully? I hope my Work isn’t just about making a living; it’s about creating a life. Find meaning in what I do, or at least grasp that chance, that foothold, to learn about another world Ive never knew. I hope that my role as an Singapore Inbound Tourist Guide, could inspire travellers on the works of the nation, could educate the past present and future of the nation to travellers in a fresh perspectives beyond the tourism marketing materials, could guide travellers on the way they immerse themselve in the culture of every other destination for their lifetime. One traveller at a time, one local at a time, slow and steady. 

5. Growth Through Failure

"I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." – Thomas Edison

Then : Every failure felt like a verdict. Whether it was a failed test, a poor performance, or a harsh critique, it was hard not to take it personally. I saw failure as the end of the road. Adversity felt like punishment. Life’s tough times often left me questioning, “Why me?” I resisted the storms, wishing they’d pass faster.

Now : Failure is my best teacher. Each stumble brought a lesson - humility, resilience, or just the fact that life goes on, it is not a reflection of your worth. It’s through failing that I’ve built the courage to try, to risk, and to keep going. Every decision I've made, I shall make with no regrets, for the good, the bad, the ugly, it's part of me. I’ve learned to bend like the willow, to find strength in flexibility and grit in vulnerability. The scars you carry are proof of your strength.

6. Perspective on Happiness

"Happiness is not a goal; it is a by-product." – Eleanor Roosevelt

Then : Happiness was a finish line — something to chase through milestones, achievements, and big moments. I thought it was a destination, and I felt lost when I couldn’t find it. I delved into pursuit of happiness, spiritually and materialistically, and fell into Existentialism and Nihilsm. So the chase often left me feeling empty. When the goals were achieved, the happiness I expected would linger often faded quickly. And when I fell short, I felt lost, as though the happiness I had invested so much energy in pursuing was slipping further away. This spiraled into deeper existential questions: What’s the point of happiness if it’s so elusive? Why even try if nothing truly satisfies? I have developed a fear of being happy, Cherophobia, that at that point of extreme happiness from biological reactions, the kind where tears of joy and drowned by the joyous environment, I would have an unexplanable moment of fear that something bad is coming because what goes up much come down. Then I recognised my Maslow and Baxter's Dialectics Theory of Needs. My pursuit of happiness wasn't wrong—it was misdirected. I realized I had been focusing too much on external outcomes, expecting them to give me something they never could : Internal Peace.

Now : Happiness is fleeting, like fireflies on a summer night. It’s found in the smallest moments: a warm cup of coffee, a heartfelt conversation, or even just a deep breath after a long day. And I’ve realized that happiness isn’t possible without its counterpart—sadness. The lows give the highs their meaning. Don’t chase happiness; cultivate it. It lives in the present, not in some far-off “someday.” Most importantly, I’ve realized that happiness isn’t just about external circumstances; it’s about being at peace with myself. It’s about knowing that my decisions align with my values, that I’m pursuing goals that truly matter to me, and that my definition of success isn’t dictated by societal expectations but by what brings me fulfillment. In the end, Happiness isn’t about having it all but about appreciating what you have while continuing to grow.

7. Mentorship and Guidance 

"Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness, that most frightens us." - Marianne Williamson

Then : Being Guided. My journey has been illuminated by the wisdom and guidance of incredible mentors, each teaching me lessons that often only made sense in hindsight. Whether it was Ling Kok Keng's philosophy of life, of balance, of beign human; or Samy Rajoo's relentless generosity and global perspectives; or my NS officers' ability to lead with empathy; or Industry Giants, Wei and TY and even Robin Loh, about business and tourism; or passer-by who I met once or twice which graciously shared their wisdom of their definition of successes; these mentors saw something in me even when I doubted myself. They didn’t just teach me skills or knowledge; they nurtured me into becoming a better version of myself. They taught me to appreciate the forest, not just the tree. They guided me to balance patience with progress and to find growth even in setbacks. Above all, they showed me that mentorship is about trust, care, and the power of seeing potential in others. I feel like Im blessed in the era where resources are plenty and within my reach, that differentiates the endless possibilies in this era which the previous could not indulge in. 

Now : I’ve come to realize that the greatest way to honor my mentors is to pay it forward. Whether it’s guiding the next generation and beyond, I try to embody the same patience, empathy, and vision that shaped me. I’ve learned to balance being a cheerleader and a tough coach, helping others rise to their potential while holding space for their growth. I'm truly blessed to be deemed trustworthy by their parents too, which, given the rebel that I am and my many flaws, could have otherwise been far from the case. Through these, I’ve learned even more about myself too, there's always a reciprocacy in this dynamic. Just as my mentors believed in me when I doubted, I strive to do the same for others. It’s a ripple effect—one that I hope continues long after me.

8. Legacy & Contribution

"What we do for ourselves dies with us. What we do for others and the world remains and is immortal." – Albert Pine

Then : Legacy wasn’t a concept I thought about often. Life, as I saw it, was about surviving, fulfilling immediate responsibilities, and navigating through the daily grind. Contribution felt like something distant—something reserved for the extraordinary, the geniuses, the leaders, the visionaries. I thought you had to create groundbreaking innovations or lead massive movements to leave a mark on the world. In a way, I had internalized the idea that legacy was for "important" people, not someone like me who was just trying to figure things out. Helping others was a good thing, sure, but I didn’t see how small acts of kindness or generosity could amount to anything significant in the grand scheme of things. Legacy, to me, seemed tied to fame or monumental achievements.

Now : Over time, I’ve come to understand that legacy isn’t about grand gestures or having your name etched in history books—it’s about the quiet, meaningful moments that ripple outward in ways we may never fully grasp. Inspired by Tuesdays with Morrie, I’ve realized that the most profound legacies often come from the simplest acts: a kind word that lifts someone’s spirit, a shared moment of laughter that becomes a cherished memory, or the time spent mentoring and guiding someone who needed it. Legacy, for me, is about the lives we touch and the difference we make in our immediate circles. I don’t need to change the entire world to leave a legacy; changing one person’s world is enough. Whether it’s through mentoring a friend, being there for a family member, or uplifting someone struggling with their self-belief, every small act contributes to a larger picture. This shift in perspective has been humbling and liberating. I no longer measure my worth by the scale of my contributions but by their depth and sincerity. A legacy isn’t necessarily about being remembered but about the positive ripples we leave behind—ripples that others may pass on, creating a chain of goodness far beyond what we could ever imagine. 

In Tuesdays with Morrie, Morrie Schwartz reminds us that life is not about accumulating wealth or accolades but about love, connection, and meaning. He says, “The way you get meaning into your life is to devote yourself to loving others, devote yourself to your community around you, and devote yourself to creating something that gives you purpose and meaning.” That wisdom has profoundly shaped my understanding of legacy. It’s not about how many people know your name; it’s about how many lives you’ve touched in ways that truly matter. It’s about the seeds you plant—seeds of kindness, understanding, and inspiration—that may grow long after you’re gone. "And I will live to carry Your compassion, To love a world that's broken, To be Your hands and feet. And I will give with the life that I've been given, And go beyond religion, To see the world be changed." 

9. The Evolving Worldview

"The mind, once stretched by a new idea, never returns to its original dimensions." – Ralph Waldo Emerson

Then : I saw the world in black and white, defined by binaries — right or wrong, success or failure, good or bad. I saw life as a "For Dummies" book, a clear path. It was an oversimplified framework that made navigating life feel safe, as though there was always a clear answer or a correct path. There was a comfort in absolutes, in the notion that following certain "rules" would lead to predictable outcomes. It was the same mindset that made me believe that intelligence was static, that people couldn’t change, and that life was either about winning or losing. But this approach had its limitations. It left little room for understanding others’ perspectives or the layered complexity of situations. I often felt frustrated when life didn’t fit neatly into the boxes I had created. I sought clarity in a world that was inherently chaotic, and I felt overwhelmed when the answers weren’t readily apparent.

Now : The world, I’ve come to realize, is not a puzzle to be solved but a tapestry to be experienced. It’s filled with shades of gray, contradictions, and nuance. I’ve learned to sit with uncertainty, to find peace in the fact that not everything has an immediate answer or resolution. There's always a flow, a time, a space. The concept of "right or wrong" has given way to "what is effective in this context?" Success no longer has a universal definition but instead reflects what aligns with one’s values and goals at a given time. What changed me was the realization that complexity is not chaos—it’s beauty. People are complicated, situations are multifaceted, and answers evolve. I’ve stopped trying to label everything and started asking better questions. Why and How this situation occurs? What are my Johari here? What happened for that perspective to form? I lean into curiosity and exploration, embracing the idea that understanding is a lifelong process rather than a destination.

10. The Role of Reflection

"An unexamined life is not worth living." – Socrates

Then : Reflection has always been part of my life, but in the past, it was raw, unstructured, and deeply emotional. I reflected through poetry, spontaneous musings, and unfiltered thoughts — pouring out whatever was on my mind. These reflections were often reactive, capturing my frustration, joy, or confusion in the moment without necessarily seeking deeper insights or solutions. At that time, reflection felt more like an outlet than a tool — a way to express myself rather than a means to grow. I rarely looked at the bigger picture or thought critically about patterns in my actions or decisions. It was easier to move forward without pausing too long, as stopping to reflect sometimes felt like a confrontation with my own inadequacies or uncertainties.

Now : Reflection is my compass. Whether through journaling, conversations, or quiet moments, it’s how I make sense of the chaos. It’s how I see where I’ve been and where I want to go. Borrowing from frameworks like Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle, I think about not just what happened but why it happened, how I felt, what I learned, and how I can approach similar situations differently moving forward. Reflection has shifted from being a venting exercise to a strategic tool for awareness and understanding people and the inter-personal dynamics too. It is a continuous process — on action, in action, and for action. 

Bangalore, Bengaluru, and Big Lessons

Bangalore, or as it’s officially known now, Bengaluru, is a city of contrasts. At just 10 sq km larger than Singapore but with a staggering population of 14 million, it’s easy to see why it’s nicknamed the Silicon Valley of India. The city pulls in people from across the country (and the world) who are hungry for opportunities in tech, education, and more. On the ground, the city is divided into 2 stands, one group that feels the overcrowding situation should be handled, and the other group to feel that it should be organic and allow the freedom of choice for internal migration and the city will figure out. For us, a group of students on a mission to explore Applied Sustainability, the city promised an exciting backdrop for understanding the challenges and opportunities of sustainable living in a megacity. 

A Sustainability Skeptic 

First, a confession: I’ve never considered myself a sustainability enthusiast. Let’s be real—how much difference can one person make? Isn’t it the job of big corporations to deal with waste, energy use, and pollution? Honestly, I came to Bangalore skeptical. But this trip? It made me rethink a lot. What struck me most was the sheer number of ground-up initiatives. These weren’t flashy, Instagrammable projects, but real efforts from people who saw the gap between well-written policies and the messy reality of implementation. Particularly in rural areas, it felt like people had taken the reins to solve problems their own way.

Ragikana: A Farmers Market with Heart

On Christmas Day, we visited Ragikana, a farmers’ market that felt like a breath of fresh air. It wasn’t just about buying organic veggies or pretty snacks. It was a place where farmers and consumers actually connected, bridging the urban-rural divide. The energy there was palpable—Christmas cheer blended with the warmth of a community genuinely working towards sustainable farming practices. I couldn't help but think: This is what ground-up sustainability looks like. It’s not just about eco-labels; it’s about trust, relationships, and shared purpose. Each member of the community brings in something for the rest. I see some cake-baking workshops; some offered their expert insights on topics such as "Adapted Christmas Celebration in India", "Arts", "Sustainable Living", and more; some are mere consumers to support the small scale farmers who came with limited quantity of fruits and vegetables; some are here to spread awareness of some apps they have developed for delivery of good; some just want to showcase their crafts. 

Farmers’ Struggles: Beyond the Policies

Bangalore, nestled in the state of Karnataka, is paradoxically home to one of India’s largest hubs for agricultural exports and yet grapples with severe challenges at the grassroots level. Despite its reputation for being the “Silicon Valley of India,” agriculture remains a significant livelihood for millions in Karnataka. However, the reality of farming here—and in much of India—paints a starkly different picture compared to the glossy success stories of the tech industry.

Karnataka is a leading exporter of coffee, spices, flowers, and millet. Its agricultural exports contribute significantly to the state's GDP and global trade presence. Yet, the average annual income of a farmer in Karnataka is approximately ₹84,000 annually (SGD $1,400). Compare this with India’s national average income of around ₹192,000 (SGD $3,200), and the disparity becomes glaring. This vast income gap highlights the systemic undervaluation of the agricultural sector and the challenges faced by those who are the backbone of this industry.

Underemployment: A Persistent Issue

One of the biggest issues farmers in Karnataka face is underemployment—a situation where people are employed but not working to their full potential. In agriculture, this is rampant due to several interconnected factors:

1. Seasonal Nature of Farming: Farming is inherently cyclical, with peak labor requirements during sowing and harvest seasons but long periods of inactivity in between.

2. Lack of Alternative Jobs: Many rural areas in Karnataka lack viable non-agricultural job opportunities. While Bangalore offers tech and service jobs, these opportunities rarely extend to rural communities.

3. Low Skill Diversification: Farmers and agricultural workers often lack the training needed to transition into other industries, creating a vicious cycle of reliance on low-paying agricultural work.

4. Land Fragmentation: Over generations, landholdings have been divided into smaller plots due to inheritance practices. The average farm size in Karnataka is just 1.55 hectares, making it increasingly unviable for farming. This limits farmers' ability to scale or innovate, further worsening underemployment.One of the most pressing challenges in Karnataka’s agriculture sector is land shrinkage, caused by a mix of economic, social, and environmental factors : Generational Land Division: Families divide their land among children, resulting in smaller and less productive plots over time ; Rising Debts: Many farmers take on loans to invest in crops or cover basic expenses. Poor yields, low market prices, or erratic weather often leave them unable to repay, forcing them to sell off land to settle debts, an endless debt cycle from banks and unofficial lenders, and Policies generally do not reach to them due to accesibility to the proper channel of help ; Erratic Weather and Droughts: Karnataka has been particularly vulnerable to changing climate patterns. Droughts, unseasonal rains, and rising temperatures have severely affected crop yields. For example, in recent years, the state has faced one of the highest rates of drought among Indian states.

Waste Management: Walking the Talk

Bangalore’s approach to waste management is an inspiring blend of innovation, community participation, and education. It goes beyond mere segregation into a robust system that integrates the principles of the 5 Rs: Reject, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle. During our visits, we saw firsthand how these principles are applied and the transformative impact they have on sustainability and livelihoods. At Swachagraha Kalika Kendra, this segregation goes further, focusing on education to ensure communities understand the value of sorting waste at the source. It has become a beacon of community-driven composting education : Interactive Sessions: Workshops teach residents how to compost kitchen and garden waste at home ; Garden Waste Management: Public gardens in Bangalore collect organic waste, which is then composted to enrich the soil, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers ; Demonstration Plots: The center uses demonstration gardens to show how compost can rejuvenate soil, promoting urban farming and community gardens. A standout aspect of Bangalore’s waste management system is the role of Rural Women in the process.Women are employed to sort dry waste, particularly plastics, into 27 specific categories. This meticulous sorting enables higher-quality recycling and reduces contamination. Many of these women come from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Their involvement not only provides a steady income but also gives them a sense of purpose and dignity. Training programs help women learn about recycling technologies and innovative uses for sorted waste, such as turning plastics into road-building materials. Similarly, this is seen in Sunbird Straws Processing Centres and Bakahu Powder Centres too. 

Education: The True Equalizer

If there’s one thing that can transform any society, it’s education. Bangalore exemplified this idea in ways I hadn’t anticipated. From discussions about the importance of vocational training for rural youth to the role of universities in sustainability research, I saw how education can bridge the gap between policy and reality, such as "Art of Living" centre, though the questionable spirituality aspects, but amazing inititatives to empower youths and the rurals. 57 programs are offered by Art of Living, tailored to various age groups and needs, focusing on personal development, stress elimination, and holistic well-being. These includes : Transformation of Barren Land, Reviving Water Bodies, Skill Development Programs (Engineering, Solar, Drones, Mobile Repair, IT Services, etc), Project Bharat, Solar Electrification of the Campus, APEX (Achieving Personal Excellence), and more. 

It was particularly inspiring to hear about initiatives targeting women and marginalized communities, giving them access to skills and opportunities that might otherwise have been out of reach. The city’s higher socio-economic status, fueled by its booming tech and corporate sectors, has cultivated a globalized and considerate urban culture. This was evident in everyday interactions, particularly on public transport, where people refrained from loud conversations, avoided disruptive behaviors like video calls, and maintained an awareness of personal space. The metro’s women-only carriages added another layer of comfort and safety, reflecting the city’s commitment to gender inclusivity. Initiatives like the Shakti Scheme, which provides free public transport for women, have had transformative effects, empowering women from lower-income households to join the workforce, participate in civic activities, and contribute to the economy. This accessibility has boosted household incomes and promoted a more inclusive society, showcasing how education and thoughtful policies can enhance women’s agency in both public and professional spheres. Beyond transport, the city’s emphasis on gender inclusivity is evident in the safety measures and campaigns that encourage greater confidence and mobility for women.

Breaking away from group in the evenings to explore the city independently (me and my buddy) revealed Bengaluru’s unique character. Luxurious dining venues and high-end malls were bustling with professionals and families, demonstrating the city’s ability to balance its globalized image with local traditions. This cultural fusion, driven by education and economic growth, gives Bengaluru its vibrancy and distinct identity. It is a city where education transcends the classroom, shaping behaviors, fostering inclusivity, and contributing to a thriving, cohesive community. My time here made it clear that when combined with opportunity and thoughtful policies, education can transform not just individuals, but entire cities. Education’s influence extends to the city’s polished etiquette and civic responsibility. Employees from global companies like Boeing, Google, and Microsoft, frequenting upscale restaurants and shopping spaces, carry themselves with civility and respect. Public spaces, from parks to metro stations, are maintained with a sense of shared responsibility, reflecting the values of an educated and aware populace.

Mysore : A Brief Journey to the Past 

Mysore, a city steeped in history and culture, offered us a window into its rich past and vibrant present through its diverse attractions. One of the highlights was our visit to the St. Philomena’s Cathedral, a striking example of architectural and cultural fusion. Its neo-Gothic design, inspired by Cologne Cathedral, is stunning, but what stood out were the varied sculptures and artwork adorning the interior. The cathedral features a blend of Orthodox, Catholic, and even Eastern influences, a testament to the scarcity of craftsmen during its construction. Instead of rigid exclusivity, the church embraced artisans from all denominations, resulting in an awe-inspiring space that beautifully merges spiritual traditions. It serves not just as a place of worship but also as a symbol of unity and inclusivity.

Next, we explored the grandeur of the Mysore Palace, one of India’s most iconic royal residences. Built in the Indo-Saracenic style, the palace is a masterpiece of ornate architecture with its domes, arches, and intricate carvings. Historically, the palace stands as a symbol of the Wodeyar dynasty, which ruled Mysore for over five centuries. The Wodeyars were patrons of art, culture, and education, and their reign significantly contributed to the city’s prosperity and development. They championed the arts, funded public infrastructure, and played a key role in integrating Mysore into the broader fabric of modern India. Today, the palace attracts millions of visitors annually, offering a glimpse into the opulence and influence of Mysore's kings, whose contributions continue to shape the region’s identity.

At the Jaganmohan Palace Art Gallery, we delved into Mysore’s artistic heritage. Among the many treasures housed here, one particularly fascinating exhibit caught my eye: an ancient version of Indian chess, known as Chaturanga or Indian attack chess. This precursor to modern chess reflects India’s deep intellectual and cultural history, emphasizing strategy, foresight, and skill. The gallery, with its vast collection of paintings, sculptures, and artifacts, encapsulates Mysore’s legacy as a hub for creativity and innovation. It’s a reminder of how art has always been a powerful medium for storytelling and cultural preservation in this region.

Our visit to the Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary offered a refreshing break from the city's historical grandeur, immersing us in the wonders of nature. Spanning over 40 acres, this sanctuary is a haven for migratory birds, including painted storks, pelicans, and open-bill storks. Its unique ecosystem, centered around the Kaveri River, supports diverse flora and fauna, creating a delicate balance that sustains life for both resident and visiting species. The sanctuary is a vital breeding ground for many birds and serves as a significant site for ecological conservation in Karnataka. Observing the serene interactions between the river, the birds, and the lush greenery was a humbling experience, underscoring the importance of protecting such habitats amidst the pressures of urbanization.

Mysore seamlessly blends history, art, and nature, offering a rich tapestry of experiences. Each site we visited revealed a new layer of its heritage, from its royal past to its vibrant ecosystems, leaving us with a deeper appreciation for the city’s enduring legacy.

Food: Street vs. Fine Dining

Let’s talk about food—because what’s a trip without culinary adventures?

In most cities I’ve traveled to, the best food is usually on the streets. Bangalore, though, flipped this on its head. During the first week, we explored campus eateries and street vendors, but the standout meals came from Alchemy : Contemporary Indian Cuisine, ZLB23 Speakeasy Bar where band played Bon Jovi Tribute and we had to go through the backdoor, up the lift in the kitchen, and press a suspicious floor to reveal the lcoation, and Shiv Sagar Fine Dining. Then, for the thrill of it, we had Beef Sizzling Steaks after the visit to see 1,200 cows at some GuruKul, and then had some Pork Sausages wrapped with Pork Bacon, a rare menu there. 

Why? Maybe it’s because South Indian food in Singapore’s Little India is already so authentic. Being a guide myself, I’ve tasted some of the best dosa, idli, and biryani back home. Indian food, wherever you go, retains its authenticity—it’s one of the few cuisines that migrates without losing its soul. So while the street food in Bangalore was good, it wasn’t necessarily new for me.

That being said, we have also hunted for the most unhygenic street food possible, eating Cup Corns from street peddlers, Lime Soda where the cups are laden with black layer of dust, Holige where they wash their post-cash-handling-hands in the same bucket of water to prepare the food too, and some Dosa prepared on a Gas Tawa that didnt seemed to be washed for decades. But all in all, no food poisoning no diarrhoea no major health concern. I guess in Bangalore, things are not as unclean as the stereotypes. 

Indian Hospitality: A Cultural Immersion

Our time in India was nothing short of extraordinary, largely thanks to the hospitality extended to us by the local students. From the moment we arrived, they welcomed us into their culture with warmth and enthusiasm, introducing us to experiences we might never have ventured into on our own. Indian hospitality is something else—it’s a blend of generosity, openness, and a genuine desire to share their world with outsiders.

One of the first things we noticed was how they curated our food adventures. At one restaurant, a COW casually wandered into the premises while everyone, including the staff, seemed completely unfazed. It was a surreal moment, reminding us how deeply embedded animals are in everyday Indian life. On the roads, we witnessed "Jugaad" in action—a uniquely Indian form of resourcefulness. Drivers would pull off makeshift fixes to vehicles, tie things together with ropes, or stack goods precariously on a small bike, showcasing their ingenious ability to make things work with minimal resources. Or sometimes they just wanted a chai or to go to the nature toilet (bush) HAHAHAHS! It’s chaotic, but it works, and honestly, there’s a certain beauty in that ingenuity.

Getting around was an adventure in itself. We experienced the full range of transportation—from squeezing into a tuktuk (auto) that darted through traffic like it had a death wish, to riding the surprisingly efficient metro system. On Uber Motorbikes, we saw other bikers zoomed past us with whole families balanced on a single seat, an everyday spectacle that left us wide-eyed. Despite the occasional moments of terror on the roads, the charm of it all was undeniable.

One of the highlights was breaking away from the structured itinerary to enjoy the nightlife. We danced at an Indian club (ignoring the strict campus curfew and booking a nearby hotel to avoid being caught), sang our hearts out at a Rooftop Karaoke Bar, and soaked in the buzzing energy of the city. The students’ hospitality extended beyond just showing us around—they invited us into their Home for games and sweets, and ofcoz alcohol and stuffs, creating an intimate experience that truly made us feel like part of their community. At Mysore, there was nothing going on after 10pm so we had room karaoke, dance, party and smokes, till 3am. 

Admittedly, we guys took more liberties than the 4 girls, who were understandably cautious, coming from the more sheltered environment of Singapore. While they meticulously stuck to the RAMS (Risk Assessment) guidelines, we embraced the unpredictable. From playing with wild dogs and cows to examining worms up close, we threw caution to the wind. I couldn’t help but think that being in a foreign country is about immersing yourself fully, fears and all. After all, what’s the worst that could happen? We had our travel insurance for a reason.

This trip wasn’t just about seeing a new place—it was about living it. The chaos, the warmth, the resilience, and the pure spirit of India left a mark on us. Indian hospitality isn’t just about welcoming guests; it’s about making them feel at home, part of the fabric of the culture. It’s messy, it’s unpredictable, but it’s real. And for that, I’ll always be grateful.

Vaibhav : My Indian Brother 

Among the many highlights of this trip, meeting Vaibhav stands out as a truly unforgettable experience. A master’s student specializing in sustainability, Vaibhav was a bundle of energy and enthusiasm, someone who could match me stride for stride in terms of fun and high spirits. What made him even more impressive was his well-traveled background and deep appreciation for food, particularly his expertise in biryani. From Hyderabadi to Lucknowi styles, he seemed to have a detailed knowledge of every variety, making him a foodie with a true specialty.

What I didn’t expect, however, was the connection we’d form over country music. It’s not every day you meet someone outside of the usual country music circles who shares a love for artists like Kenny Rogers. At his house, I spotted a vinyl collection that spoke volumes about his eclectic tastes, and when he claimed Rogers as his top artist, I knew I had to do something special. I ended up buying him a premium limited-edition vinyl—probably the most expensive one I’ve ever purchased. It was worth every penny, though, to honor this bubbly chap who made the trip so memorable.

One moment that perfectly encapsulates Vaibhav’s spirit was on the bus when he suddenly broke into song with "On the Rivers of Babylon." I was half-asleep at the time but immediately woke up to join him in a raucous singalong. His energy was infectious, his laughter contagious, and his zest for life unparalleled. Vaibhav is truly a gem, someone who brought joy and connection to this journey, and I’ll always remember him as one of the brightest highlights of my time in India.

El : Curious Boy stuck with me for Bangalore 

This trip wouldn’t have been as unforgettable without my buddy, El. I didn’t expect to have such a great time, especially as I’m probably the oldest in the group, and I tend to explore countries with a different lens—seeking cultural immersion rather than sticking to what’s presented on the surface. But El’s energy and curiosity added a whole new dimension to this journey. The turning point came right on the first night when he casually asked, “You want to go out of campus to explore nearby food?” That simple question marked the beginning of our shared adventure.

El’s openness to Indian food was refreshing. Being constantly exposed to it during the trip, everything felt new and exciting to him—far beyond the typical prata and butter chicken he was used to back home. His fearless approach made every meal an adventure, and his genuine enthusiasm resonated with everyone, especially the local students. By the second day, he had already struck up friendships, diving into their hospitality with open arms. Whether it was playing sports, visiting their homes, or asking about their daily routines, hobbies, and aspirations, El was eager to explore their world. He didn’t just skim the surface—he engaged deeply, from discussing side hustles to exchanging views on world politics and global finance.

Despite the seven-year age gap between us, I never felt disconnected. El’s readiness to talk about more personal topics—romance, life trajectories, social constructs—made for meaningful conversations that I truly valued. Fun fact: I learned that he’s a Grade 7 piano player, was part of a concert band playing percussion, and is quite the metalhead, with Kingslayer by BMTH being one of his favorites. Beyond these revelations, I had the chance to share my perspectives with him too, from appreciating cocktails as a craft rather than a means to get drunk, to exploring the symbolism behind art and religion.

El’s inquisitive nature and openness reminded me of another good friend, Jasper, and I couldn’t help but think how amazing it would be to bring both of them along for my planned Ancient Civilizations trip to Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia. El’s ability to connect with people, embrace new experiences, and dive into deeper topics makes him an incredible travel companion. This trip not only strengthened our bond but also gave me a new appreciation for exploring a country through someone else’s fresh perspective. Here’s to more adventures with El—someone who turned this journey into something truly special.

Dr Cynthia : Enabler of This Trip 

This portion is written to express my deepest gratitude and admiration for the exceptional guidance and facilitation provided by Dr. Cynthia throughout this program. Her expertise and dedication have not only enriched my experience in Bengaluru but have also profoundly shaped my understanding of the complexities and nuances of the topics we explored.

Dr. Cynthia’s ability to tactfully navigate the dynamics between the Singaporean and Indian students has been exemplary. She has seamlessly aligned expectations from guest speakers and hosts, creating an environment of mutual respect and collaboration. Her thoughtful approach to facilitation has enabled us to not only see things from different perspectives but also to dive deep into the range topics with curiosity and purpose. What I admire most about Dr. Cynthia is her remarkable ability to embody an inter-disciplinary lens. Whether examining issues from the perspective of policymakers, understanding social and informal norms, applying sociological thinking, appreciating cultural traditions, or aligning with national priorities of both Singapore and India, she has consistently broadened our horizons and encouraged us to think critically and holistically.

Under her guidance, I have been able to gain a deeper understanding of the interconnections between these diverse perspectives, helping me appreciate the intricacies of sustainable development, cross-cultural collaboration, and global priorities. Her efforts have truly framed my experience in Bengaluru as one of profound learning, growth, and immersion. I am incredibly grateful to have had the opportunity to learn from Dr. Cynthia and witness her dedication to fostering meaningful, interdisciplinary learning. 

 November 2024. Northern Vietnam

My Northern Vietnam trip this round in 2024, would be summarised in 3 portions, first Caving with Oxalis Adventure, then Ha Giang Easy Rider Motorbike Loop with SoTravel SG, and then Cao Bang Loop with a local operator. 

Arrived on 07 Nov and straight to Dong Hoi on overnight train. Was picked up early morning 7am by Oxalis to my homestay. Was a great rest because of early check in, cycled around the town a bit before going for the Sunset Cruise on Chay River. The next day had a Full Day Tour on Phong Nha Caves by Boat. It was rather "built up" as it was a cave full of artificial lights. The boatman then explained the different shapes, just like a typical imagination-led exploration of the cave. Well it is after all an UNESCO sight so inevitable development of tourism. I was transferred to the Oxalis Camp after that. 

I took the 2 days Hang Tien & Tu Lan Caves, meaning there was no overnight stays in the caves. These are part of the Phong Nha Ke Bang cave systems, which also houses the biggest cave in the world, Son Doong. Oxalis was the first operator to conduct such trails but I was pleasantly surprised their enormous effort to gatekeep so that it remains untouched. They were very responsible to the point that their porters would carry bags to collect rubbish along the trails. They have made sure to enter and leave the place as "silently" as possible, with no trace. The guide was very knowledgeable about the flora and fauna, pointing out the diversity around, breaking the journey down to bite sized information. The first day took us to Hang Tien largest Dry Cave, "Fairy Cave". Legend tells about descended fairies busy sightseeing that they forgot their way back to heaven. The crown jewel, The tornado-shaped "Galaxy Swirl" was formed by the erosive force of trapped water inside the previously small cave entrance millions of years ago. Geological jargons start filling the commentary of stalactites, stalagmites, cave pearls, cave corals, gaur pools, draperies (curtain-shaped limestone), and more. On the second day we went to the famous Rat Cave where we enter from a small tail leading to the huge entrance. The 30 metres entrance has been used as a filming set for many famous movies such as “The Immortal" and "The Legend of Quan Tien”. Oh yes we passed the village used as a backdrop of "Kong : Skull Island" too and was told they paid farmers to keep the buffalos at home for the filming duration. There were parts of the experience where we had to do river crossing too and swim in the caves which was rather refreshing (no bat smells). 

The caving experience concluded and I stopped by Ninh Binh along the day. Ninh Binh is yet another UNESCO site, Trang An in particular. The Hoa Lu Ancient Capital City feels like a place for History Buffs and to trace the ancient dynasties of Vietnam of 10th century by King Dinh Tien Hoang. It is still a remarkable preservation of their temples and mausoleums. Ofcoz there is the easy motorbike option to save time. Then, at Trang An, it was a pleasantly unexpected caving experience where even for a 1.6m build like me had to "duck" as we entered the 1.0km long caves. The 3.0 hrs boat tour brings us to some temples but we decided not to go down, only having a brief stop at "Kong Filmset" where they explained the Ancient Aboriginals way of life on the cone shaped straw huts. The Ninh Binh exploration ended at Hang Mua Viewpoint with 500 man-made steps into the famous Lying Dragon. There was at least a hundred pax at the queue so I decided not to join the queue to "climb the dragon" and instead took a few checklist photos before heading down to the Lily Pads for somemore photos. I had half a day free but as I reached Tam Coc which was labelled as "Halong Bay of Ninh Binh", I was swarmed with touters to buy ticket, to park motorbike, to take photos, to do this and that, so I decided not to since its only an hours ride for that relatively steep price (compared to Trang An) and I went cafe hopping instead. Then I headed to Hanoi for my next leg of the journey and did express laundry too. 

After a Hanoi Michelin Street Food Tour and the touristy Train Street, I joined the rest of SoTravel group to the overnight sleeper bus to Ha Giang. The Ha Giang Loop passes through 4 districts, including Quan Ba, Yen Minh, Dong Van, Meo Vac. Unexpectedly, Ha Giang is also under UNESCO. Dong Van Karst Plateau was recognized as the first Global UNESCO Geopark of Vietnam and the second in Southeast Asia. We went up quickly on Day 1 through Heaven's Gate, Quan Ba Twin Mountains and Fairy Bosom. We ended the day jumping in and chilling at Du Gia Waterfall before our hostel stay at Du Gia. Day 2 took us to Meo Vac, Ma Pi Leng panorama, Lung Cu border flag pole, and Dong Van French Fortress, and a great boat ride at Nho Que river after a loooong bumpy ride. We needed some massage before walking around the cute town of Dong Van. The last day was the longest (160 km, as compared to 130 km and 140 km on previous 2 days) so we sped through Yen Minh, through the century old Vuong Family’s Residence where we see the converging architecture of 3 cultures including Chinese, French and H’Mong Local Ethnic Minority; then the challenging 9 Turn Pass and test site for horses of Tham Ma Pass. We took the last route through A-Boong Waterfall before ending the loop with yet another sleeper bus back to Hanoi. The 6.0 hrs journey had to be shared by 2-pax-in-a-Pod and ended the ordeal at 2am. 

So after a quick laundry and shower, and a 2.0 hr nap, Im off to another 6.0 hours Van journey for my next leg, Cao Bang Loop (Ba Be & Ban Giok) starting on that 17th morning. The second half of the day got me to Keo Yen Panorama Point, Lung Luong Ammonites, and the Ho Chi Minh Caves. 

Day 2 of Cao Bang got me to God's Eye Mountain, exploring the Incense Making and Paper Making in Phja Thap village, and Doi Co Red Hill. We ended the day with Ban Giok Waterfall and check into my homestay at Ban Giok itself. We started Day 3 with a 20 mins walk to the entrance of Nguon Ngao Tiger Cave. It was a generally small cave and very well developed with wooden planks and artificial lights, a different experience than my Oxalis. Then we had a few stops at the Pagoda viewpoint to Ban Giok then a loooong 4 hours journey to Ba Be. I did express my interest to see the sunset but was only treated with laughter and dismissal of the idea. Everytime I put on the sunglasses, the guide would just laugh and point to the sun, "look sun set". There was a lot of time spent on having tea breaks and smoke breaks along the journey that day towards Ba Be Lake. I had the impression that we would have an overwater stay on Ba Be but turns out the lake was a distant away. The last day was spent on a long 3.0 hours boat trip on Ba Be Lake into Puong Cave, Den Ah Ma, and a Temple in the middle of the lake. Then, it was a 6.0 hours journey back to Hanoi. 

The arrival to Hanoi feels great, the feeling of being in a modern city once again. Did some quick shopping at a local designer shop, had Michelin Dinner at "The East", hunted chocolates from Maison Marou, tried to find the rare Laos Coffee Beans for DQ, and then had a Coffee Workshop the next day before my flight. 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

So above are the itineraries; now to my thoughts : 

1. Exploration and Appreciation of Nature Conservation

• Destinations Covered : Among the 3 loops, I was particularly impressed by the efforts to protect Tu Lan Caves, where levies and government controls have been implemented to preserve the natural environment. The caves are free from artificial lights and planks. Cave experts have trailed using the "firm natura rocks" and the dirt roads formed naturally by erosions and plant growths. 
• Observations: The competency and education of guides play a pivotal role in shaping the tourist experience. Oxalis guides, for instance, brought rich knowledge about rock formations, geography, and biodiversity, enhancing my understanding and appreciation of the area. In contrast, other touristy spots like Ninh Binh and Phong Nha still operate within a "have fun, take photos, buy souvenirs" framework.
• Reflections on Sustainable Tourism: This disparity made me question the real impact of tourism on the local economy. Do UNESCO World Heritage sites truly uplift communities, or is the intense competition among vendors only marginally improving livelihoods? Tourism has become a significant sector in Vietnam's economy, with an expected contribution of over 6.4% to the GDP by 2024. But I'm wondering if this benefits the city operators more than the rural ones. Yet some studies have shown that gentrifying is the only way for preservation. So it might be a balance act. Studies indicate that tourists visiting UNESCO sites like Hoi An are willing to pay an average of USD $15 per person for conservation efforts, nearly seven times greater than the willingness to pay by local residents.

2. Experiencing Ha Giang and Cao Bang

• Motorbiking Loops : Ha Giang and Cao Bang offered scenic motorbiking loops, but the experience fell short due to language barriers and the guides' lack of technical knowledge or curiosity. Unlike the Oxalis guides, the guides here could not explain critical historical or cultural aspects, such as The formation of phenomena like the "God’s Eye"; Ho Chi Minh's legacy and the socio-political context of his time; The livelihood systems of mountain villagers and how they sustain their communities, whether there is a guild system and wealth distribution system to ensure livelihood for every household since they are all engaging in the same occupation, same produce, to be sold in same clients. Imagine a curated tour that included Educational Materials about Ho Chi Minh's timeline and ideology on the route, to learn about this inspirations, his education, and the evolution of his political views pre and post "cave" stay. 

• Lost Potential for Depth : While the loops have been categorized into themes like "Trail of History and Freedom" or "Transformation of Mountains Trail," these narratives aren't effectively conveyed during the journey. This disconnect detracts from the overall experience. I had to rely on the Tourism Board's plagues to understand the link and context. The Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (VNAT) has actively developed thematic travel routes that leverage the nation's cultural and natural assets .Historians and Cultural Scholars are consulted to design routes that accurately represent Vietnam's history and culture, yet the Tourism Operators and Infrastructure Investors are probably only concerned with profit thus this dissonance.

3. Homestay Culture and the "Happy Water" Routine

• Evening Dynamics : In the evenings, at the homestays, a repetitive pattern emerged. After dinner, guides and riders initiated a drinking session, labeled as a cultural tradition of "Happy Water" consumption. This included pre-dinner drinks, group drinks, and personal invitations to drink by riders, and courtesy drinks when other riders or guests come to our table, and when the host comes to the table. Initially, it felt authentic, but over time, it seemed more like a manufactured experience to create a false sense of happiness for tourists. I feel that they are trying to cover their inadequate knowledge and language proficiency by intentionally inducing dopamine via alcohol to make tourists feel "happy" about the tour experience. This backfired on people like me that dont enjoy drinking to that extent, and also some elderly folks I met during the 2 loops who tend to be more critical about the itinerary and confused about what they are looking at. Most of them are just happy to be in the midst of these geographical parks, so they are easily satisfied by the location itself. I feel that it is also the lack of meaningful night activities (due to the remoteness and limited infrastructure) that led to an over-reliance on drinking culture as the default entertainment. While I appreciate the effort to engage tourists, this routine felt forced and lacked authenticity.

4. Cao Bang Loop – A Disappointing Experience

• Challenges with the Guide: The guide on the Cao Bang loop was, unfortunately, the least competent. His limited proficiency in English made communication extremely difficult, and repetitive, juvenile jokes added to the frustration. The guide's constant jokes about hills being metaphor of breasts and teaching random phrases he claimed to mean "hello" under the guise of cultural immersion were unprofessional and made the experience uncomfortable, in fact. I could not have a proper conversation with any locals at all. 
• Poor Time Management: Requests to see sunsets at Ba Be Lake were ignored due to delays caused by smoking breaks, tea stops, and other inefficiencies. Despite having ample time, poor planning meant missing sunsets—one of the simplest joys of such a trip. The experience felt like a missed opportunity for meaningful exploration. And the guide would just joke every day, "look, sun!", during day time, and repeat for 20 times a day. It becomes irritating. 

5. Broader Reflections on Tourism in North Vietnam

• Tourist Experience vs. Authenticity: There’s a stark difference between locations like Tu Lan, which prioritize education and preservation, and others that focus on mass tourism without considering long-term impacts. Due to the competency of guides, I guess it would be helpful, though compromising on authenticity, to establish some kind of interactive exhibit with translations at key points along the routes to engage tourists and provide a deeper understanding of the historical significance.
• Guides’ Role: The guides are critical in creating a meaningful experience. Those with technical knowledge and curiosity elevate the journey, while those lacking these skills diminish it. While some guides have badges, some do not, I feel that the enforcement are lacking in this sense, therefore this would jeopardise the tourist experience. Even with badges, I would also assume the quality of guides, some with more personal curiosity and seeking improvements, some just want a routine and quick bucks. 
• Over-reliance on "Happy Water": The repeated emphasis on drinking as a cultural norm reflects a gap in providing authentic, enriching experiences, despite them having 53 Ethnic Tribes with unique sets of traditions, languages, and ways of life. 
• There was a stark difference in treatment as most people assumed me to be local Vietnamese, so their first engagement is always loud and rude, "WHERE YOU GOING?!", "WHERE YOUR GUESTS?!", "WHAT THE HELL ARE YOU WAITING FOR?!" in their Vietnamese, but then a 180 degrees change in tone when I say I aint a local and then the guide would laugh and say "Bai Nuh" hahhahas, I feel that he is just covering for the default aggression towards their own local people. This extents beyond the loops, but also during the train ride into Hanoi, most countryside folks always adopt this fierce sharp unfriendly tone talking to me when they assume I'm a local. My grandma used to say "乡下佬" means uncivilized, but its literal translation was "village folks". I had never understood the reasoning because I thought, "what's wrong with villagers?" until I go china villages and vietnam villages....... I see the differences now. 

Conclusion

This trip highlighted the potential for sustainable tourism in North Vietnam but also exposed significant gaps in execution, especially in terms of guide training, authenticity, and the balance between tourism and preservation. While certain sites have made commendable strides, others need to reconsider their approach to ensure that both tourists and local communities truly benefit.

July 2024 : Europe Rhine River Trip (Switzerland > France > Netherlands > Germany)

 Introduction to My Journey

My recent travels through Europe took me across a tapestry of cities, each with its unique charm, economic drivers, and cultural nuances. From the picturesque landscapes of Switzerland and France to the historical richness of Germany and the vibrant canals of the Netherlands, I witnessed how history, art, and modernity converge in these captivating locales. Each city tells its own story, shaped by centuries of tradition, innovation, and community spirit. This was a month long trip, fulfilling my mum's wish to be on the Rhine towards Amsterdam. 

---

Basel, Switzerland

Nestled at the borders of Switzerland, France, and Germany, Basel is renowned for its vibrant cultural scene, anchored by the Rhine River. The city thrives on its pharmaceutical and life sciences industries, with major corporations like Novartis and Roche calling it home. Basel’s rich cultural heritage is reflected in its numerous museums, including the famed Kunstmuseum, which showcases masterpieces from the Renaissance to contemporary art.

Colmar, France

Colmar, often described as a fairytale town, boasts colorful half-timbered houses and winding canals. Its economy is largely driven by tourism, wine production, and agriculture, particularly the Alsace wines that flourish in this region. Colmar's unique culture is characterized by its blend of French and German influences, evident in its architecture, cuisine, and festive traditions, including the enchanting Christmas market.

Lucerne, Switzerland

Lucerne is a stunning city known for its breathtaking lake and mountain backdrop. It was first documented in 1178, and historical practices involved placing sticks in the ground prior to construction to ensure no complaints arose. The city operates with a tax rate ranging from 10% to 40% and an average rental cost of about $2,000. With a minimum wage of approximately $4,000, Lucerne's economy primarily relies on tourism and hospitality, attracting visitors to its historical sites like the Chapel Bridge and Water Tower. The city is also famous for its cultural events, including the annual Lucerne Festival.

Architectural Highlights
Lucerne showcases stunning Gothic architecture, including the work of Jacob van Thienen, who contributed to the construction of the building in 1402, and Jan van Ruysbroeck, whose flamboyant Gothic style is exemplified by the 96-meter tower featuring Saint Michael slaying a demon, completed around 1455. A unique aspect of Lucerne’s culture is its connection to chocolate; the region is home to some of the finest chocolate producers, with Peru supplying about 92% of the world’s chocolate.

Cultural Significance
Among the notable historical figures associated with the region is Henry the Lion, who played a pivotal role in shaping the medieval landscape of Hamburg and beyond. This era also highlights the importance of salt, referred to as "white gold," which was crucial for preservation and trade. In Salzburg, the term "Freiyzen" relates to the sun (solarium), which is tied to the etymology of salary, stemming from the value of salt in antiquity.

The city is also home to significant religious architecture, such as St. Peter’s Church, symbolizing the monastic traditions that pervaded the region. Lucerne features a unique "Women’s Church" that holds a narrative deep in its design. Unlike typical churches, it has no windows and showcases double pillars, creating a solemn atmosphere.

Breisach, Germany

Breisach, perched on the banks of the Rhine, serves as a gateway to the beautiful Black Forest. The local economy is centered on agriculture and tourism, attracting visitors to its scenic vineyards and historical sites, including the impressive St. Stephen's Cathedral. Breisach’s charm lies in its picturesque landscapes and quaint streets, reminiscent of a bygone era.

Strasbourg, France

Strasbourg, the seat of the European Parliament, is a city of political significance and cultural richness. Its economy benefits from a mix of tourism, agriculture, and services. The city's unique blend of French and German cultures is epitomized in its stunning Gothic cathedral and the charming canals of La Petite France. Strasbourg is also famous for its culinary delights, particularly tarte flambée and Alsace wines.

Ludwigshafen, Germany

As a significant industrial city in Germany, Ludwigshafen is home to BASF, one of the largest chemical companies in the world. Its economy is predominantly driven by the chemical and manufacturing industries. Despite its industrial focus, the city offers green spaces and cultural venues, reflecting a commitment to enhancing the quality of life for its residents.

Rüdesheim, Germany

Rüdesheim, located along the romantic Rhine River, is renowned for its wine production and picturesque vineyards. The local economy thrives on tourism, particularly from visitors exploring the Rhine Valley's castles and wineries. Rüdesheim's rich cultural heritage is showcased in its quaint streets, wine taverns, and the famous Drosselgasse, where traditional music fills the air.

Düsseldorf, Germany

Düsseldorf, known for its fashion and trade fairs, is a vibrant city with a strong economy centered around telecommunications, advertising, and fashion industries. The city’s unique culture is reflected in its art scene, with numerous galleries and museums, as well as its lively carnival celebrations. The picturesque Rhine promenade offers a blend of modern architecture and historical charm.

---

Amsterdam, Netherlands

Amsterdam, with its iconic canals and vibrant arts scene, is a city that embodies creativity and tolerance. I learned that the ground level fluctuates from 7 meters to 13 meters above sea level. Its economy is driven by tourism, finance, and technology, making it a hub for innovation. The city's rich cultural heritage is reflected in its world-class museums, such as the Rijksmuseum and Van Gogh Museum, as well as its diverse neighborhoods that celebrate inclusivity and artistic expression. Known as the "Jerusalem of the West, used to be a place where Jews community gathers, but unfortunately became the site of genocide too, thus the plagues to show known jews residents all throughout the city. 

Insights from Amsterdam

Amsterdam is a city that thrives on creativity and history, epitomized by the works of Vincent van Gogh. His life and art evolved dramatically throughout his career, marked by passionate experimentation and profound emotional struggles. Van Gogh's early works, influenced by the Dutch landscape and peasant life, reflect a somber palette. However, after moving to Paris, his style transformed as he embraced the vibrant colors and techniques of the Impressionists. His relationship with his brother, Theo, was pivotal; Theo’s unwavering support provided Vincent with both financial assistance and emotional grounding. This bond allowed Van Gogh to pursue his artistic vision, ultimately leading to masterpieces like "The Starry Night" and "Sunflowers," which convey the depth of his inner turmoil and aspirations.

Amsterdam’s progressive views are starkly contrasted with the realities of its prostitution sector, which has roots in the city’s history of tolerance. The Red Light District, where sex work is legalized (up to 40 customers daily), reflects a complex narrative of empowerment and exploitation. While the city embraces a liberal attitude, many sex workers face significant challenges, including safety concerns and societal stigma. Their rooms were rented by individuals thus no mamasan, but equipped with sos buttons for their neighbours to help and police would patrol at the end of these streets for safety too. The origins of this tolerance stem from Amsterdam's history as a trading hub, where diverse practices were often accepted in exchange for economic gain.

Urban systems in Amsterdam are characterized by a delicate balance between tourism and local life. The influx of tourists has driven some locals out of central areas, leading to a shift towards neighborhoods like Jordaan. The rising cost of living has exacerbated this issue, creating a divide between those who can afford to remain in the city and those who cannot.

Zaanse Schans, Netherlands

Zaanse Schans is a living museum that showcases traditional Dutch life, characterized by its iconic windmills and historic wooden houses. The local economy thrives on tourism, attracting visitors keen to experience Dutch culture and craftsmanship firsthand. The unique atmosphere, complete with artisanal cheese and clogs, offers a glimpse into the Netherlands' rich maritime heritage.

Brussels, Belgium

Brussels, the heart of Europe, is known for its political significance and cultural diversity. The economy is fueled by the European Union institutions, tourism, and chocolate production. Brussels boasts a unique culture, reflected in its stunning architecture, from the Gothic grandeur of the Grand Place to the Art Nouveau masterpieces scattered throughout the city. The city's culinary scene, featuring waffles, chocolates, and beer, is equally noteworthy.

Brussels, the capital of Belgium and the European Union, is known for its rich history and vibrant culture. The standard of living is relatively high, but like many urban centers, it grapples with issues such as crime and social disparities. The sentiment towards international arrivals is mixed; while many locals appreciate the cultural diversity they bring, concerns about rising living costs and changes to neighborhood dynamics persist.

A notable highlight of Brussels' culture is the famous Manneken Pis, a small bronze statue of a urinating boy, which has become a symbol of the city’s irreverent humor. The origin of the statue is steeped in legend, and it is celebrated through various festivals, including the Brouwerijfeest (Brewer's Festival), which showcases the city’s rich brewing tradition. During this festival, local brewers present their creations, some of which are humorously inspired by the statue itself. This annual celebration highlights the significance of beer in Belgian culture and the joy of community gathering.

Brussels’ vibrant festivals and culinary delights—like the world-famous chocolates and waffles—are complemented by its unique ability to blend the old with the new, making it a remarkable destination in its own right.

Munich, Germany

Munich, the capital of Bavaria, is a city where tradition meets modernity, renowned for its beer culture and vibrant arts scene. The city's economy is diverse, with strong sectors in technology, finance, and automotive industries. Munich's unique culture combines traditional Bavarian customs with contemporary influences, evident in its lively beer gardens, historical sites, and dynamic nightlife.

Cooper Dance at the Bell Tower. At the Munich bell tower, the tradition of the Cooper Dance captivates visitors. From 2019 to 2026, this lively performance illustrates the art of coopering—crafting barrels—which historically played a crucial role in the region’s brewing industry. The dance is a festive reenactment featuring jousting and clashes that represent the historical rivalry between Bavaria and Austria, showcasing the cultural heritage that thrives in this vibrant city.

During my time in Munich, I had the pleasure of participating in BladeNight Munich, a monthly event where enthusiasts roller skate for 14 kilometers around the city. This exhilarating experience allowed me to see the city from a fresh perspective, gliding through its streets while immersing myself in the local subculture. The camaraderie among participants was palpable, creating a sense of community and shared joy.

I also ventured into the heart of Bavarian culture at a Bavarian Carnival. The atmosphere was electric as I danced and grooved along with fellow revelers, their smiles and comments on my jovial mood enhancing the festive spirit. It was a liberating experience, celebrating life in the midst of laughter and merriment.

My exploration of Munich’s nightlife led me to Bahnwater Viel, an alternative club scene that showcases the city’s creative spirit. This unique venue was born from the vision of a group of teenagers who transformed scrap vehicles and shipping containers into a sprawling club. The techno beats pulsated through the air, drawing in a diverse crowd eager to dance the night away.

Nearby, I stumbled upon an abandoned ship on a bridge that houses eight dining venues (Alte Utting). The concept of dining in such a distinctive location is simply fascinating, blending culinary delights with an unconventional atmosphere.

Munich is more than just a city; it is a vibrant tapestry woven from tradition, innovation, and a celebration of life, making it a truly memorable part of my European journey.

Augsburg, Germany

Augsburg, one of Germany's oldest cities, boasts a rich history and a thriving economy centered around manufacturing and trade. The city's unique culture is marked by the influence of the Fugger family, who shaped the city’s development in the Renaissance. The city's stunning architecture, including the Augsburger Puppenkiste marionette theater, highlights its cultural significance.

Neuschwanstein, Germany

Neuschwanstein Castle, nestled in the Bavarian Alps, is a symbol of romantic architecture and one of Germany's most visited attractions. The local economy relies heavily on tourism, drawing visitors captivated by the castle's fairytale charm and stunning landscapes. The unique culture surrounding the castle is steeped in the legend of King Ludwig II, whose vision inspired its construction.

Würzburg, Germany

Würzburg, known for its vineyards and Baroque architecture, is a city rich in history and culture. The local economy is driven by wine production and tourism, particularly in the wine-growing region of Franconia. The Residenz, a UNESCO World Heritage site, exemplifies the city's architectural beauty and cultural significance.

Bamberg, Germany

Bamberg, with its UNESCO-listed Old Town, is renowned for its preserved medieval architecture and traditional brewing culture. The local economy thrives on tourism, driven by the city’s rich history and cultural festivals. Bamberg’s unique charm is evident in its winding streets, scenic canals, and vibrant markets.

Nuremberg, Germany

Nuremberg, famous for its historical significance during the Nazi regime, has a rich cultural heritage that includes the iconic Nuremberg Castle. The local economy is supported by manufacturing and technology sectors. Nuremberg’s unique culture is reflected in its annual Christmas market and culinary specialties like Nuremberg sausages.

Regensburg, Germany

Regensburg, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is celebrated for its well-preserved medieval architecture and vibrant student population. The economy is driven by trade, education, and tourism. Regensburg’s unique culture is marked by its rich history, evident in its stunning stone bridge and the vibrant atmosphere of its old town.

Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

Garmisch-Partenkirchen, a picturesque alpine town, is a hub for winter sports and outdoor activities. The local economy thrives on tourism, particularly in skiing and hiking. The unique culture of this region reflects a blend of Bavarian traditions and outdoor

---

Reflections on My European Journey

After participating in 13 walking tours, 5 food tours, and 5 bike tours, I gathered invaluable insights into the nature of tourism and the vibrant cultures I encountered throughout Europe. Here are some key takeaways from my experiences:

1. Flexibility: The tourism business thrives on adaptability. Guides often face last-minute changes, lost guests, and diverse dietary needs. For instance, on a food tour, I witnessed a situation where a vegan guest had not informed the guide beforehand. In response, the guide simply remarked, "You know you signed up for a food tour; I’ll try my best, but no promises." This highlights the constant juggling act guides perform to accommodate everyone while ensuring a positive experience.

2. Stereotyping: Guides often admit to forming assumptions about guests to enhance their experience. One guide explained, "Yes, we stereotype guests, but they are customers, so we have to think of ways to make you enjoy the tour better." This acknowledgment raises questions about our initial perceptions of guests. It reminded me that, at its core, tourism is a human-centered business, requiring empathy and understanding from all parties involved.

3. Experience: The essence of travel is to have a good time. Many briefings were concise, focusing on delivering essential information when necessary, as guides believed that participants would forget lengthy explanations. However, accidents do happen; I observed moments where wheels got stuck on tram rails or cyclists accidentally knocked into participants who ventured into bike lanes. When guests got lost, guides were always prepared to coordinate a meet-up, showcasing their commitment to ensuring everyone felt secure and engaged.

4. Optionals: Many tours included optional activities, such as entrance fees for castles, boat rides, or museums. Guests who opted out had the freedom to explore on their own for a short period, allowing for personalized experiences. This flexibility fosters a sense of autonomy for travelers and enhances their overall journey.

5. Work Environment: Most full-time guides possess the necessary licenses and often have backgrounds in other fields, such as office jobs or the arts. Typically, they handle groups of 40 to 60 participants for walking tours, up to 20 for food tours, and around 10 to 20 for bike tours. Many guides work 4 to 5 days a week, despite the business operating 7 days a week. This balance allows them to maintain their passion for guiding while managing the demands of their profession.

Through these experiences, I gained a deeper appreciation for the intricate dance of culture, history, and hospitality that defines Europe’s vibrant cities. The insights I collected not only enriched my understanding of the tourism industry but also left me with lasting memories of the people and places I encountered along the way.  

Alfred de Musset: "A walk along the banks of the Rhine is a journey through the poetry of the land."